花生红衣中自藜芦醇、原花色素提取工艺的研究

对超声波辅助提取花生红衣中白藜芦醇、原花色素的工艺进行了研究。从5种常用试剂中选择出乙醇作为提取剂，并在单因素实验的基础上，通过正交实验优化了白藜芦醇、原花色素的提取条件：料液比1：6，温度70℃，乙醇浓度60％，提取时间20min，pH3，提取次数1次；在最佳工艺条件下，白藜芦醇、原花色素的提取得率分别为0．036％、4．96％。     

反胶束法提取辣木籽蛋白工艺优化

以脱脂辣木籽粉为原料,利用反胶束法提取辣木籽蛋白并进行工艺优化。通过单因素实验和正交实验考察反胶束（AOT）质量浓度、提取温度、pH、料液比、水分活度（Wo）5个因素对提取辣木籽蛋白的反胶束前萃工艺的影响,再通过单因素实验和二次通用旋转实验考察提取温度、pH、KCl浓度、提取时间4个因素对提取辣木籽蛋白的超声波辅助反胶束后萃工艺的影响。结果表明：反胶束前萃最佳工艺条件为pH 9、料液比1∶ 50、AOT质量浓度0.08 g/mL、提取温度45 ℃、水分活度25,该条件下所得前萃辣木籽蛋白提取率为67.2%;超声波辅助反胶束后萃最佳工艺条件为提取时间45 min、提取温度45 ℃、pH 6.5、KCl浓度1.25 mol/L,在此条件下所得后萃辣木籽蛋白提取率为58.5%。     

高压脱脂辣椒籽分离蛋白提取工艺优化及其功能特性研究

为开发利用辣椒籽资源,以辣椒籽为原料,研究高压脱脂辣椒籽分离蛋白的提取工艺及其功能特性。以辣椒籽分离蛋白提取量为考察指标,在单因素实验基础上,研究pH、料液比、提取时间和提取温度对辣椒籽分离蛋白提取量的影响,采用响应面优化法确定最佳提取工艺。结果表明,高压脱脂辣椒籽分离蛋白的最佳提取条件为pH 9.5、料液比1∶39、37℃、38min,提取量达6.27g/100g,等电点(PI)为4,纯度为90.29%。高压脱脂辣椒籽分离蛋白的持水力(2.40±0.14)g/g和持油力(2.00±0.11)g/g较溶剂脱脂辣椒籽分离蛋白分别提高了29.17%和40%,说明高压脱脂分离蛋白具有较好的功能特性。     

沙棘分离蛋白提取工艺研究

采用“碱溶酸沉”原理对沙棘蛋白质进行提取,讨论固液比、浸提碱液pH值、浸提时间和温度等条件对提取率的影响,确定了最佳提取条件为固液比1：12,pH12,时间40min,温度35℃。在此条件下可使沙棘籽粕分离蛋白提取率达到79．3％,沙棘分离蛋白蛋白含量89．67％。     

花生红衣提取物中自藜芦醇、原花色素分离工艺的研究

对花生红衣提取物中白藜芦醇、原花色素的分离工艺进行了探讨。通过静态吸附、解吸实验选出AB-8大孔树脂，通过单因素、正交实验优化了白藜芦醇、原花色素的富集、分离条件。其吸附最佳条件为：上柱液流速1ml/min、pH7、白藜芦醇、原花色素的浓度浓度分别为2μg／ml和0．6mg／ml；解吸最适条件为；流速1．5ml/min、pH5；用20％甲醇溶液解吸其中的白藜芦醇，40％、60％甲醇溶液解吸原花色素，合并相同组分，经浓缩、冷冻干燥后制得纯度较高的白藜芦醇、原花色素产品，白藜芦醇的含量达43．6％，原花色素含量达93．05％。     

花生红衣中原花色素超声提取工艺的优化

利用响应面分析法对花生红衣中原花色素的提取工艺进行了优化。在PB实验设计的基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计原理,选取三因素三水平进行响应面分析,确定各工艺条件的影响因子,以原花色素提取液吸光值为响应值进行响应面分析。实验结果表明:乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声温度对原花色素的提取有较显著影响,花生红衣中原花色素最优提取工艺为:乙醇浓度:61.09%、超声时间:22.35min、超声温度:45.64℃,此时得率为10.6mg/g。     

红树莓籽中活性物质提取工艺优化

为获得红树莓籽中活性物质的最佳提取工艺,本实验以脱脂"秋福"红树莓籽为原料,考察乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比、pH 5个因素对活性物质提取的影响,以多酚提取含量为主要指标,通过单因素和响应面试验加以优化。结果表明,最佳提取条件为料液比1:50(g/mL)、提取温度51℃、提取时间3.5 h、乙醇浓度57%、pH=3。测得红树莓籽中多酚提取含量为(38.32±0.25)mg/g,黄酮提取含量为(17.50±0.14)mg/g,原花青素提取含量为(19.71±0.27)mg/g。该工艺稳定,可靠,能为红树莓果籽的综合利用提供理论依据。     

黑莓榨汁残渣中花色素的提取纯化、稳定性及功能研究

应用正交试验利大孔树脂柱色谱研究了黑莓榨汁残渣中花色素类物质的提取和纯化工艺条件。结果表明：在温度、浓度、提取时间三个影响因子中，影响的主次顺序为温度、乙醇浓度、时间。用乙醇提取的最佳条件是浓度70％、温度25℃、时间1h。AB-8型吸附树脂对黑莓花色素有较好的吸附和解吸性能，吸附容量约为2．49mg／cm^3，乙醇洗脱浓度在50％左右效果较好，纯度可达25％；通过不同条件对花色素稳定性影响研究，结果：在pH3、较低温度和非光照条件下，黑莓花色素色泽稳定；纯化的花色素可降低大鼠肝匀浆过氧化脂质的含量，有较强的抗氧化活性。     

酶法从脱脂米糠中提取蛋白质

探讨了糖酶、蛋白酶及二者配合对脱脂米糠中蛋白质的提取条件及效果。糖酶中戊聚糖复合酶的效果最好，其最佳提取条件为：pH值3．5、温度50℃、加酶量0．9％、提取时间3．5h；蛋白酶中碱性蛋白酶的效果最好，最佳提取条件为：pH值8．0、温度45℃、加酶量0.9％、提取时间3．5h。戊聚糖复合酶与碱性蛋白酶配合使用，脱脂米糠中蛋白质的提取率可达到91．6％。     

番茄籽蛋白的提取及组成研究

以番茄籽为原料，采用正交实验，探讨了番茄籽蛋白提取的工艺条件，分析了番茄籽蛋白的组成。试验结果表明，料液比及pH值对蛋白质提取率影响较大，温度和时间对提取率影响相对不大。在料液比1：25、pH值11．0、时间90min、温度50℃条件下，蛋白质提取率可达64．07％，纯度为66．08％。番茄籽蛋白富含谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.