牛乳中主要过敏原的分离纯化研究进展

牛乳中含有3 种主要的过敏原蛋白：酪蛋白、β- 乳球蛋白和α- 乳白蛋白。本文详细叙述沉淀法、离子交换层析法、凝胶过滤层析法、羟基磷灰石层析法、疏水相互作用层析法、高效液相色谱法以及膜技术等分离纯化技术在牛乳主要过敏原分离纯化中的研究进展。其中,离子交换层析与凝胶层析已被广泛使用,而沉淀法一般作为粗提纯过的步骤。羟基磷灰石层析与疏水相互作用层析法也较为常见,既可单独分离过敏原,又可与其他方法结合来分离过敏原。另外高效液相色谱法与膜技术则是进一步纯化的后续工作,以提高过敏原的纯度。     

花生主要过敏原Ara h1的纯化

采用硫酸铵沉淀及凝胶过滤层析方法,纯化花生主要过敏原蛋白Ara h1,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)结合免疫印迹实验(Western-Blotting)进行鉴定。结果表明：可纯化出纯度90%以上的Ara h1过敏原蛋白。     

阴离子交换层析法分离纯化花生主要过敏原Ara h1的研究

Ara h1蛋白是花生的主要过敏原蛋白。本研究从天然的花生提取花生蛋白质,通过硫酸铵分级沉淀及阴离子交换层析法纯化花生主要过敏原Ara h1。通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析蛋白纯度,结合免疫印迹实验对Ara h1免疫活性进行鉴定。结果表明：采用阴离子交换层析法纯化出的Ara h1纯度达到90%以上。得率为23.1%。免疫印迹实验表明,此方法纯化出来的Ara h1仍具有免疫原性,能跟花生过敏病人血清特异结合。     

花生中主要过敏原Ara h1的纯化

为了得到花生中引起过敏反应的主要致敏成分Ara h1,以新鲜花生为材料,通过粉碎、脱脂、硫酸铵分步盐析等方法进行粗提;并用离子交换柱以及凝胶柱等方法来进一步纯化过敏原Ara h1。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析了纯化后的过敏原Ara h1的纯度,并用高效液相色谱法测定其纯度达到90%以上。     

免疫初乳中IgG的分离与纯化

本实验采用硫酸铵一次性盐析、DEAE—Sepharose FF离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-200凝胶过滤层析法，分离纯化免疫初乳中的IgG，并采用SDS—PAGE电泳、单向火箭免疫电泳及试管凝集法对IgG分离物进行了定性定量检测，结果表明所得IgG纯度高，活性大。     

发酵液中牛肉风味肽分离纯化方法的比较研究

使用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）对重组酵母发酵液中一种牛肉风味肽（BMP）的稳定性进行了研究，并分别运用D301离子交换层析和Sephadex G-25凝胶过滤层析对其进行了分离纯化，最后利用RP-HPLC对目标肽进行分析检测。结果表明，在pH值为7．4条件下，发酵液中的目标肽于室温下放置0h-8h后仍呈现良好的稳定性。分离纯化结果显示，Sephadex G-25凝胶过滤层析的分离纯化效果优于D301离子交换层析，更适合于分离复杂体系发酵液中的风味肽。     

罗汉果蛋白酶的分离纯化和部分性质研究

对罗汉果蛋白酶的分离纯化和部分性质进行研究.利用硫酸铵盐析、离子交换和凝胶过滤柱层析对罗汉果蛋白酶进行了分离纯化,对纯化所得的酶进行了分子量和等电点测定.结果表明,纯化酶为电泳纯,回收率为4.2％,纯化倍数为31.1,凝胶过滤层析和SDS-PAGE电泳测得酶的分子量分别为40.3 ku和39.0 ku,等电聚焦电泳测得其等电点为8.55.     

鲢鱼背肌组织蛋白酶L的初步分离及蛋白层析纯化方法

研究鲢鱼背肌中组织蛋白酶L的初步分离和纯化方法,重点研究初步分离过程中酸化处理条件、硫酸铵饱和度和透析袋分子质量对粗酶液中组织蛋白酶L活性的影响,以及纯化过程中不同类型离子交换层析柱和离子交换平衡缓冲液pH值对蛋白层析纯化的影响。结果表明:盐析最佳硫酸铵饱和度范围55%~90%,酸处理最优条件pH 3.0,40 ℃热处理10 min后pH值回调至6.0,透析袋最佳分子质量7 000 u。采用弱阴离子交换和分子筛两步层析法,选取20 mmol/L、pH 6.0磷酸盐缓冲液作为弱阴离子柱的平衡缓冲液,可得到45 ku电泳纯组织蛋白酶L,其纯化倍数为487,回收率为22 mg/1 000 g。本法可最大限度地去除杂蛋白且操作简便、回收率高,为探究鱼糜凝胶劣化现象的有效抑制方法奠定了良好的基础。     

A_2菌产蛋白水解酶的分离纯化

利用A2菌种液态摇瓶发酵产蛋白水解酶,后采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析、DEAE离子交换层析对粗酶液进行分离纯化后,蛋白酶比活力达到521.47U/mL,纯化倍数是粗酶液的3.52倍,回收率为8.71%。通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳得到单一条带,并测得其相对分子质量约为30kDa。     

三文鱼过敏原小清蛋白分离纯化 及免疫结构鉴定

小清蛋白是鱼类的主要过敏原,三文鱼小清蛋白具有不同的亚型,分子量相近,序列基本相同,给分离纯化带来了不小的挑战。本试验采用硫酸铵盐析、Qxl-Sepharose离子交换结合凝胶过滤等方法定向纯化小清蛋白β1型,并应用免疫印迹法对纯化的小清蛋白进行过敏原性鉴定,结合激光辅助解析/飞行时间质谱进行结构鉴定。结果显示,硫酸铵盐析、离子交换层析结合凝胶过滤纯化方法可以得到纯度达90%以上的小清蛋白β1型,且蛋白具有很强的免疫反应活性。针对该蛋白的研究不仅有利于过敏原检测方法的建立,也可为低致敏性水产品的开发提供理论依据。     

Purification and characterisation of a panel of peanut allergens suitable for use in allergy diagnosis

Peanut is a major cause of type 1 hypersensitive reactions including anaphylaxis. This results from the presence of a number of protein allergens, six of which are being studied as part of the EU FP6 EuroPrevall programme. These are Ara h 1 (7S globulin), Ara h 2, Ara h 6 (2S albumins), Ara h 3/4 (11S globulins) and Ara h 8 (Bet v 1 homologue). Methods for the purification of Ara h 1, Ara h 3/4, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 from peanut seeds and for the production of recombinant Ara h 8 in Escherichia coli are described with spectroscopic analyses being used to confirm that they are authentically folded. N-terminal sequencing of the proteins purified from peanut seeds also revealed details of the differences between isoforms and their generation by proteolytic processing within the seed. Preliminary IgE binding studies of the purified allergens confirmed that they retained their immunological properties indicating their suitability for use in allergy diagnosis.     

IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MAJOR PEANUT ALLERGENS (IN CHINA) WITH IGE-BINDING PROPERTY

Peanut allergens have not been studied in China. This study aimed to investigate (1) whether there are differences in the relative amounts of major peanut allergens between the Chinese peanut varieties and the American, and (2) the effect of cooking methods on peanut allergenicity. The allergenic property of raw peanuts and peanut preparations was assessed by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative contents of the major peanut allergens were quantified by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis densitometry. For results, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 were major peanut allergens in China. The amounts of Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 in peanut varieties differ significantly and were both lower than the American varieties. The immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding ability of different processed peanuts to IgE was not significantly different. Therefore, peanut varieties may induce different amounts of allergens. The relative lower contents of Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 may lead to the lower prevalence of peanut allergy.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Because of its nutritional and rheological properties, peanut is used in a wide range of different foods, and peanut allergy represents an important health problem. It is essential to identify the compounds of peanut allergens and to study their characteristics in order to explore approaches for the therapies and to breed the nonallergenic peanut seed.     

花生过敏原在加工中的变化

简述了花生中主要的过敏原Arah1、Arah2、Arah3和Arah4的一般特征及其所存在的与IgE结合的表位特征,详细介绍了焙烤、风干、水煮和煎炸等加热方法及酶解、研磨、发芽和压榨等加工工艺对花生过敏原的影响,为开发无过敏或低过敏性花生制品提供了一定的科学依据。     

中国花生致敏蛋白的识别

我国对花生过敏方面的研究很少。本实验利用中国常用花生品种识别鉴定了中国主要的致敏蛋白,比较了国内外花生品种致敏蛋白相对含量的差异,期望找到中国花生过敏发病率较低的原因,为临床食物过敏患者的治疗和低过敏花生品种的培育提供理论依据。研究结果表明:Ara h1和三条Ara h3多肽是中国主要的致敏蛋白,并发现了Ara h1的亚基,分子量为58kD的多肽。Ara h1和Ara h3的相对含量各品种之间差异显著,并且低于国外花生品种。因此中国花生主要致敏蛋白相对含量低可能是导致中国花生过敏发病率较低的主要原因。     

Digestion of peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6: A comparative in vitro study and partial characterization of digestion‐resistant peptides

Scope : There are differences in stability to pepsin between the major allergens in peanut; however, data are from different reports using different digestion models. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of the digestibility of the major peanut allergens. Methods and results : Peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6 were incubated with pepsin to mimic the effect of gastric digestion. Samples were analyzed using SDS‐PAGE. To further investigate resistance to digestion, Ara h 2 was additionally subjected to digestion with trypsin and residual peptides were characterized. Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 were rapidly hydrolyzed by pepsin. On the contrary, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 were resistant to pepsin digestion, even at very high concentrations of pepsin. In fact, limited proteolysis could only be demonstrated by SDS‐PAGE performed under reducing conditions, indicating an important role for the disulfide bridges in maintaining the quaternary structure of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. Trypsin digestion of Ara h 2 similarly resulted in large residual peptides and these were identified. Conclusion : Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 are considerably more stable towards digestion than Ara h 1 and Ara h 3.     

Enzymatic treatment of peanut kernels to reduce allergen levels

This study investigated the use of enzymatic treatment to reduce peanut allergens in peanut kernels as affected by processing conditions. Two major peanut allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, were used as indicators of process effectiveness. Enzymatic treatment effectively reduced Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in roasted peanut kernels by up to 100% under optimal conditions. For instance, treatment of roasted peanut kernels with α-chymotrypsin and trypsin for 1–3 h significantly increased the solubility of peanut protein while reducing Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in peanut kernel extracts by 100% and 98%, respectively, based on ELISA readings. Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 levels in peanut protein extracts were inversely correlated with protein solubility in roasted peanut. Blanching of kernels enhanced the effectiveness of enzyme treatment in roasted peanuts but not in raw peanuts. The optimal concentration of enzyme was determined by response surface to be in the range of 0.1–0.2%. No consistent results were obtained for raw peanut kernels since Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 increased in peanut protein extracts under some treatment conditions and decreased in others.     

Insights into proteolytic processing of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 by endogenous peanut proteases

BACKGROUND: The major peanut allergens are Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. Proteolytic processing has been shown to be required for the maturation process of Ara h 6. The aim of this study was to examine whether Ara h 2 undergoes proteolytic processing and, if so, whether proteolytic processing influences its ability to bind human immunoglobulin E (IgE). RESULTS: Ara h 2 isolated from peanut extract under conditions of protease inhibition revealed a single additional peak for its two known isoforms (Ara h 2.01 and Ara h 2.02), corresponding to a C‐terminally truncated form lacking a dipeptide (RY). Ara h 2 isolated in the absence of protease inhibition, however, yielded two additional peaks, identified as C‐terminally truncated forms lacking either a dipeptide (RY) or a single tyrosine residue. The IgE‐binding capacity of the Ara h 2 truncated forms was not altered. CONCLUSION: Ara h 2 undergoes proteolytic processing by peanut proteases that involves C‐terminal removal of a dipeptide. Hence Ara h 2 isolated from peanut extract is a complex mixture of two isoforms expressed by different genes, Ara h 2.01 and Ara h 2.02, as well as truncated forms generated by the proteolytic processing of these isoforms. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mitigation of Major Peanut Allergens by Pulsed Ultraviolet Light

Peanut allergy represents one of the most severe IgE-mediated reactions with food, but to date, the only effective way to prevent peanut allergy is total avoidance. If allergens could be mitigated during food processing before a product reaches the consumer, this would substantially lessen the food allergy problem. The efficacy of pulsed ultraviolet light (PUV), a novel food processing technology, on reducing peanut allergens, was examined. This study revealed for the first time that PUV was also capable of deactivating Ara h 2, the most potent allergenic protein of peanut. Protein extracts from raw and roasted peanuts were treated for 2, 4, and 6?min and peanut butter slurry was treated for 1, 2, and 3?min in a Xenon Steripulse XL 3000? PUV system. The distance from the central axis of the lamp was varied at 10.8, 14.6, and 18.2?cm. The SDS?CPAGE showed a reduction in the protein band intensity for Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 at the energy levels ranging from 111.6 to 223.2?J/cm². Reduction of the protein band intensity for peanut allergens increased with treatment time but decreased with increased distance from the PUV lamp. The ELISA for peanut extracts and peanut butter slurry showed a reduction in IgE binding of up to 12.9- and 6.7-folds, respectively, compared to control.