抗肿瘤药米铂的一种新合成方法及结构表征

目的 合成抗肿瘤新药米铂。方法 以顺式- (1R,2R)-1, 2-环己二胺-二碘合铂(II)为起始原料,先将顺式- (1R,2R)-1, 2-环己二胺-二碘合铂(II)与硫酸银水解成含有硫酸根的水合物溶液,然后与八水氢氧化钡反应生成顺式- (1R,2R)-1,2-环己二胺-二羟基合铂(II)的水溶液,最后与正十四碳酸的正丁醇溶液反应合成米铂。采用元素分析、质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和热分析对其结构进行表征。结果与结论 合成的化合物结构与标题化合物一致,收率约68%。该方法便于操作,收率高,可做进一步研究。     

苯甲酰胺类组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的合成及 抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性

目的 针对组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）的结构特点,设计合成一系列化合物并进行体外抗肿瘤活性评价,为进一步优化设计提供指导。方法 以 2-羟基-4-硝基苯甲醛为原料,经环合、还原、与芳醛衍生物反应、水解后,在N,N-碳酰二咪唑存在下经缩合反应合成目标化合物。结果与结论 共合成了11个新苯甲酰胺类衍生物,化合物的结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证;体外抗肿瘤活性评价结果表明,其中 4 个化合物（4b、4c、4d、4h）对肿瘤细胞具有显著的增殖抑制活性,化合物4h的活性最好,它对 HL60、MCF-7、A549 肿瘤细胞的 IC₅₀值分别为2.81、＞50、4.79 μmol·L^-1。     

L-异谷氨酰胺类氨肽酶N抑制剂的合成及初步活性

目的 设计并合成一系列新型L-异谷氨酰胺类衍生物,并测定其对氨肽酶N (APN)的抑制活性。方法 以L-谷氨酸为基本骨架,与3,4-二氯苯甲酸形成酰氯发生酰化、环合反应得到关键中间体环状酸酐,再经氨解反应合成目标化合物。采用体外抑酶试验测定化合物抑制氨肽酶N的活性。 结果与结论 合成了15个未见报道的L-异谷氨酰胺衍生物,其结构经过¹H-NMR、MS、和IR的确证。其中化合物I₄、I₆显示出较好的抑制氨肽酶N活性(IC₅₀=20~40 μmol.L^-1),有进一步研究的价值。     

抗肿瘤药米铂的合成工艺改进

目的 改进抗肿瘤药米铂的合成工艺。方法 以顺式-二碘-(1R,2R)-1, 2-环己二胺合铂(II)为起始原料,将顺式-二碘- (1R,2R)-1, 2-环己二胺合铂(II)与硝酸银水解合成含有硝酸根的水合物溶液,然后与阴离子树脂交换生成顺式-二羟基- (1R,2R)-1,2-环己二胺合铂(II)的水溶液,再与正十四碳酸的正丁醇溶液反应合成米铂。采用元素分析、质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、热分析和比旋光度对其结构进行表征。结果与结论 合成的化合物结构与标题化合物一致,收率约75%。该方法便于操作,收率高。     

4,6-双苯基-2-氨基-3-氰基吡啶类化合物的合成及其 抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 设计合成一系列4,6-双苯基-2-氨基-3-氰基吡啶类化合物,并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。方法 以取代苯甲醛、取代苯乙酮、丙二腈和醋酸铵为原料,经一步反应制得目标化合物。采用MTT法,以 MX-58151 为阳性对照药,以 A549、HT-29 和 SMMC-7721为测试细胞株对目标化合物进行体外抗肿瘤活性评价。 结果与结论 合成了13 个未见报道的4,6-双苯基-2-氨基-3-氰基吡啶类化合物, 其结构经¹H-NMR、MS 和 IR 谱确证。体外活性测试结果显示,多数化合物能够在较低的浓度下抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。其中,2-氨基-6-（4-氟苯基）-4-（2,3,4-三甲氧基苯基）-3-氰基吡啶 具有显著的抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性,IC₅₀值达纳摩尔级水平,明显优于阳性对照药MX-58151。     

3-苯甲酰基-2H-1-苯并吡喃-2-酮衍生物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性

目的 设计合成3-苯甲酰基-2H-1-苯并吡喃-2-酮衍生物,并评价其抗肿瘤活性。方法 以取代苯乙酮为原料,首先与碳酸二乙酯经Claisen缩合得到相应的取代β-酮酸酯,再与取代水杨醛经Knoevenagel缩合,同时环合得到目标化合物。采用人急性早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60及人乳腺癌细胞T47D对部分目标化合物的抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。结果 合成了18个目标化合物,其中13个未见文献报道,目标化合物的结构经核磁共振氢谱和红外光谱确证。化合物III₁₅对人乳腺癌细胞T47D的抑制活性较强,IC₅₀值为38 μmol.L^-1;化合物III₁、III₂、III₁₅对人急性早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60的抑制活性较好,IC₅₀值分别为37、36、16 μmol.L^-1。结论 3-苯甲酰基-2H-1-苯并吡喃-2-酮衍生物作为新型肿瘤抑制剂,其构效关系值得进一步研究。     

5H-呋喃并[3,2-g]色烯类化合物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

目的 设计合成5H-呋喃并[3,2-g]色烯类化合物,并测定其体外抗肿瘤活性。方法 以2’,4’-二羟基苯乙酮为原料,经缩合、催化氢化和 Fries 重排等反应合成目标化合物。采用人骨肉瘤细胞U2OS-EGFP-4A12G对目标化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。结果与结论 合成了10个未见文献报道的5H-呋喃并[3,2-g]色烯类化合物,其结构经红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证。化合物7a、7e 和 7h 对人骨肉瘤细胞 U2OS-EGFP-4A12G 的抑制活性较强,其IC₅₀值分别为16.53、7.74、13.27 μmol·L^-1。5H-呋喃并[3,2-g]色烯类化合物是一类具有新型骨架结构的抗肿瘤化合物,值得进一步研究。     

具有手性吡咯烷侧环的噁唑烷酮类化合物的合成及抗菌活性研究

目的 设计合成具有手性吡咯烷侧环的噁唑烷酮类化合物,并考察其体外抗菌活性。方法 以手性脯氨酸和3,4-二氟硝基苯为原料,通过多步反应合成目标化合物;采用微量液体稀释法检测目标化合物的抗菌活性。结果与结论 合成了 8 个新化合物,其结构经 ¹H-NMR、MS 谱确证。体外活性试验表明：由（R）-脯氨酸衍生的化合物7b 对革兰阳性菌[金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌以及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）具有良好的抑制活性,对革兰阴性菌具有较弱的抑制活性。由（S）-脯氨酸衍生的化合物 7a 的抗菌活性明显低于 7b。研究结果表明,吡咯烷侧环的手性因素对抗菌活性具有显著影响。     

2-苯基-5-吡啶基-1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物的合成及黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性

目的 设计合成2-苯基-5-吡啶基-1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物,并对其黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性进行初步评价。方法 以对羟基苯甲酸甲酯为原料,经烃化、肼解、环合等反应合成目标化合物。以非布司他为阳性对照药,采用牛源的黄嘌呤氧化酶对目标化合物的抑制活性进行评价。结果 共合成了15 个未见文献报道的目标化合物,结构经核磁共振氢谱、飞行时间质谱和红外光谱确证。目标化合物均表现出一定的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性,其中化合物 4m（IC₅₀=1.04 µmol·L^-1）活性最好,但低于阳性对照药非布司他（IC₅₀=0.024 µmol·L^-1）。结论 2-苯基-5-吡啶基-1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物作为新型黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,其构效关系值得进一步研究。     

5H-哒嗪并[4,5-b]吲哚类新化合物的合成及 抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性

目的 设计并合成5H-哒嗪并[4,5-b]吲哚类化合物,评价其体外抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性。方法 以7-溴-1-氯-8-(3-氯丙氧基)-5-环丙基-5H-哒嗪并[4,5-b]吲哚为起始原料,经取代、醚化、Mannich 反应、选择性氧化共3步或4步反应合成目标化合物;以吉非替尼(gefitinib)为阳性对照药,采用 MTT 法测定了目标化合物对肿瘤细胞株 Bel-7402 和 HT-1080 的抗增殖活性。结果与结论 合成了13 个化合物,其中12 个是未见文献报道的新化合物,其结构经¹H-NMR、MS 谱确证;8个化合物显示出较好的抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性,其中,化合物4a和5a抗增殖活性突出,分别为吉非替尼的3倍和4倍。     

Revisiting [PtCl(2)(cis-1,4-DACH)]: An Underestimated Antitumor Drug with Potential Application to the Treatment of Oxaliplatin-Refractory Colorectal Cancer

Although the encouraging antitumor activity of [PtCl(2)(cis-1,4-DACH)] (1; DACH = diaminocyclohexane) was shown in early studies almost 20 years ago, the compound has remained nearly neglected. In contrast, oxaliplatin, containing the isomeric 1(R),2(R)-DACH carrier ligand, enjoys worldwide clinic application as a most important therapeutic agent in the treatment of colorectal cancer. By extending the investigation to human chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, we have demonstrated the real effectiveness of 1 in circumventing cisplatin and oxaliplatin resistance in LoVo colon cancer cells. The uptake of compound 1 by the latter cells was similar to that of sensitive LoVo cells. This is not the case for all other compounds considered in this investigation. Interaction with double-stranded DNA, investigated by a biosensor assay and by quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical geometry optimization of the 1,2-GG intrastrand cross-link, does not show significant differences between 1 and oxaliplatin. However, the DNA adducts of 1 are removed from repair systems with lower efficiency and are more effective in inhibiting DNA and RNA polymerase.     

Synthesis and cytotoxicity of platinum(II) complexes of a physiologically active carrier histamine

A series of novel platinum(II) complexes involving a physiologically active carrier histamine as the carrier, cis-[Pt(histamine)X2] (X2=2Cl-, oxalate, malonate, 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate (CBDCA), 3-hydroxy-1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate (HO-CBDCA)), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data along with X-ray crystal structure for a representative complex cis-[Pt(histamine)Cl2]. The cytotoxicity of the complexes has also been assessed in the human cancer cell lines A549/ATCC, HT-29, and LNcap. One complex, cis-[Pt(histamine)Cl2], is more active than carboplatin against both the sensitive and resistant cells.     

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antitumor activity of osteotropic diam(m)ineplatinum(II) complexes bearing a N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine ligand

A series of osteotropic (bone-seeking) [(bis(phosphonomethyl)amino-kappaN)acetato-kappaO(2-)]platinum(II) complexes attached to diammine, ethane-1,2-diamine, cis-R,S-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, trans-S,S-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, or trans-R,R-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine has been synthesized in accord with the concept of drug targeting and characterized by elemental analysis, (1)H, (13)C, and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. The in vitro antitumor activity in ovarian cancer cells (CH1) has been determined by means of the MTT assay. In this cisplatin-sensitive cell line the complexes containing cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (chxn) displayed a high activity in comparison to the diammine and ethane-1,2-diamine counterparts. In agreement with structure-activity relationships of other chxn-containing platinum(II) complexes both [(bis(phosphonomethyl)amino-kappaN)acetato-kappaO(2-)](trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine)platinum(II) complexes show superior potency than the corresponding cis-congener whereas the trans-R,R isomer displays the highest activity. Within the series of complexes under investigation, potency decreases depending on the coordinated amine ligand in the following order: trans-R,R-chxn > trans-S,S-chxn > NH(3) > or = cis-R,S-chxn > en.     

Displacement of the bidentate malonate ligand from (d,l-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)malonatoplatinum(II) by physiologically important compounds in vitro

Previous studies of platinum(II) compounds with bidentate leaving ligands have emphasized the contrast between the stability of the bidentate leaving ligand in vitro (T1/2 greater than 11 days in water) and the apparent reactivity of these bidentate platinum compounds in vivo. However, none of these studies actually measured the stability of these compounds in tissue culture medium (or in any other reaction mixture resembling in vivo conditions). The experiments described in this paper were designed to measure the stability and fate of (d,l-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)malonatoplatinum(II) [Pt(mal)(trans-dach)] in RPMI-1640 tissue culture medium. The T1/2 for displacement of the malonate ligand in this medium was 9.5 hr at 37 degrees. Of the inorganic anions present in the medium, chloride accounted for the greatest displacement of the malonate ligand. However, at the concentrations with which it is found in tissue culture medium and in blood, bicarbonate was nearly as effective as chloride at displacing the malonate ligand. This observation is of particular significance because the bicarbonatoplatinum complex is unstable and the bicarbonate displacement reaction appears to represent a major non-enzymatic pathway for the formation of the biologically active aquated platinum complexes. At the concentrations with which they occur inside the cell, phosphates may play a similar role. Of the amino acids present in the medium, glutathione and the sulfur-containing amino acids were 50- to 400-fold more effective at displacing the malonate ligand than the other amino acids in RPMI-1640 medium. In the case of methionine, the reaction with Pt(mal)(trans-dach) was shown to be a direct displacement (SN2) reaction at physiological methionine concentrations. When Pt(mal)(trans-dach) was incubated at 37 degrees for 24 hr in RPMI-1640 medium, the major transformation products formed were (d,l-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)methionineplatinum(II) (38%), other amino acid-platinum complexes (19%), and (d,l,-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)dichloroplatinum(II) (14%). Eleven percent of the Pt(mal)(trans-dach) remained intact. Mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR indicated that the (d,l-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)methionineplatinum(II) complexes that formed in RPMI-1640 medium consisted of approximately 60% of the bidentate mono-methionine complex coordinated to platinum at the sulfur and alpha-amino positions and 40% of the bis-methionine complex, presumably coordinated at the sulfurs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Mono- and polynuclear [alkylamine]platinum(II) complexes of [1,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II): synthesis and investigations on cytotoxicity, cellular distribution, and DNA and protein binding

A series of mononuclear and dinuclear alkylamine derivatives of [meso-1,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II) (m-4F-PtL-R1 and (m-4F-PtL)2-R2; R(1) = alkylamine, R(2) = alkyldiamine, L = DMSO or Cl) as well as the DAB(PA)(4) polyimine dendrimer complex ((m-4F-PtDMSO)4DAB(PA)4; DAB(PA)4 = N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine) were synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity, intracellular distribution, and DNA and protein binding. All compounds strongly bound to human serum albumin by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. These inactivation reactions hindered the uptake into tumor cells and prevented strong cytotoxic effects. If serum-free medium was used, a high accumulation grade in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and a high DNA binding was observed. As most efficient compound (m-4F-PtDMSO)4DAB(PA)4 was identified. It showed a 20-fold higher cellular uptake and an approximately 700-fold higher DNA binding than cisplatin.     

Effect of the diamine nonleaving group in platinum-acridinylthiourea conjugates on DNA damage and cytotoxicity

The following complexes of type [PtCl(R)(ACRAMTU)](NO3)2 (ACRAMTU = 1-[2-(acridin-9-ylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dimethylthiourea)), derived from prototype 1 (with R = ethane-1,2-diamine), were synthesized: 2 (with R = (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane), 3 (with R = propane-1,3-diamine), 4 (with R = N1,N1,N2,N2-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine), and 5 (with R = 2,2'-bipyridine). The DNA sequence specificity of the conjugates and their antiproliferative potential in HL-60 and H460 cells were investigated. Conjugate 3 showed the strongest non-cisplatin-type DNA damage in polymerase stop assays and superior cell kill efficacy in H460 lung cancer (IC50 = 70 nM).     

Antitumor effect of Pt(II) amine phosphonate complexes on sarcoma sa-180 in mice. Crystal structure of cis-dichlorobis(diethyl-4-pyridylmethylphosphonate-kappaN)platinum(II) hydrate, cis-[PtCl2(4-pmpe)2].H20

The cisplatin analogoues platinum (II) complexes of the general formula cis-[PtL2Cl2], where L is monodentate diethyl 2-, 3- or 4-pyridylmethylphosphonate (2-, 3- or 4-pmpe) ligand, have been synthesized and characterized by means of IR and NMR (1H, 31P, 195Pt) spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structure of cis-[Pt(4-pmpe)2 Cl2].H2O (A3) shows a square planar geometry of PtL2Cl2, with two organic molecules and two chloride leaving ligands in a cis configuration. The antitumor activity of the platinum (II) complexes was examined against Sarcoma Sa-180 in mice. The obtained results indicate a marked anticancer effect of platinum phosphonate complexes, and moderate nephrotoxicity evaluated in the BUN and creatinine levels in comparison with cisplatin (CDDP).     

Anticancer activity in murine and human tumor cell lines of bis(platinum) complexes incorporating straight-chain aliphatic diamine linker groups.

The biological activity of a series of dinuclear bis(platinum) complexes of formula [(cis-PtX2-(NH3)]2(NH2(CH2)nNH2)] (X = Cl, n = 4-9, compounds 6-11; X2 = malonate, n = 5 or 6, compounds 12 and 13) is described in selected murine leukemia, murine solid tumor, and human tumor cell lines and in murine leukemia cell lines rendered resistant to cisplatin (cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]). The bis(platinum) compounds showed greater activity in vitro against murine tumor cell lines resistant to either cisplatin or DACH ([Pt(DACH)Cl2]). The resistance factor is dependent on chain length of the diamine, and the structural feature of a dinuclear complex is of general use in reducing cross-resistance with cisplatin. In vivo [(cis-PtCl2(NH3)]2(NH2(CH2)5NH2)] (7) showed a % T/C of 204 against murine L1210 leukemia resistant to cisplatin compared to a % T/C of 104 for cisplatin itself at optimal doses. The complex [(Pt(mal)(NH3)]2(NH2(CH2)6NH2)] (13) was highly active in the colon 26 tumor line with 3/10 tumor-free survivors (dose of 186 mg/kg, ip D1,5,9); however, 13 was subject to substantial cross-resistance in the cisplatin resistant L1210 leukemia (% T/C 139 versus % T/C of 223 in the sensitive line). In four selected human tumor lines in vitro, compounds 6-11 were uniformly more potent than cisplatin. In the corresponding xenografts, compound 7 showed greater activity in the HCT-8 (coloadenocarcinoma) and H23 (nonsmall cell lung), but diminished potency in AH125 and H520 (both nonsmall cell lung) lines in comparison to cisplatin. Retention of activity against cisplatin-resistant cell lines and a different spectrum of activity compared to cisplatin in some human tumor cell lines suggest that this class of complexes is mechanistically different from mononuclear complexes and worthy of further development toward clinical trials.     

Combination of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and oxaliplatin increases the growth inhibition and death in human colon cancer cells

The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein is highly expressed in a variety of human cancers and has been reported to promote tumor growth. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as etodolac and celecoxib have been shown to inhibit COX-2 activity and may play a role in the chemoprevention of cancer. Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum compound that exhibits a different spectrum of activity compared with cisplatin. Other cisplatin-resistant tumors can still respond to oxaliplatin. However, the anticancer ability of the combination of COX-2 inhibitors and oxaliplatin is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of combination of COX-2 inhibitors and oxaliplatin on the cell growth and survival in human colon cancer cells. Treatments with etodolac (0.3-0.5 mM) or celecoxib (20-80 microM) for 24 h concentration-dependently induced the cytotoxicity in the RKO colon carcinoma cells. Etodolac and celecoxib did not alter the COX-2 protein levels but inhibited its enzyme activity to reduce prostaglandin E2 production. Furthermore, the cell survival was concentration-dependently decreased following oxaliplatin (1-100 microM, 24 h) treatment. Combination of oxaliplatin and etodolac additively increased the death and growth inhibition of RKO cells. Survivin, an inhibitor protein of apoptosis, mediates anti-apoptosis and promotes cell division in cancer cells. Oxaliplatin or COX-2 inhibitors significantly decreased the levels of survivin proteins. Moreover, survivin proteins were markedly diminished following co-treatment with oxaliplatin and etodolac. Together, this is the first report that combination of COX-2 inhibitors and oxaliplatin can increase the reduction of survivin protein expression, growth inhibition, and death in human colon cancer cells.     

Chemical aspects of propranolol metabolism: 1,1-diethoxy-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol and related ring-closure products cis- and trans-4-ethoxy-3-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran

1,1-Diethoxy-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol (V), the diethyl acetal of an important aldehyde intermediate in the metabolic N-deal-kylation of propranolol, was prepared from compound X, the product of the reaction of the lithium salt of methyl methylsulfinylmethyl sulfide with 2-(1-naphthoxy)-acetaldehyde. Compound X, as a mixture of three diastereomeric alpha-hydroxydithioacetal derivatives, when treated with ethyl orthoformate afforded the desired acetal V as well as two ring-closure products, the dihydronaphtho[1,2-b]pyrans VI and VII. Compounds VI and VII were characterized on the basis of mass spectral and 1H- and 13C-NMR data. The stereochemistry of these compounds was assigned on the basis of the 300-MHz 1H-NMR spectra of their acetate esters (XI and XII).