石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血中铅的不确定度分析

目的探讨石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血中铅不确定度的原因。方法根据测量不确定度的评定原理和测定方法,建立测定不确定度的数学模型,对不确定度的分量进行计算。结果该方法的扩展不确定度为6．62％,对于含铅量为131．9μg·L^-1的血样,其测量扩展不确定度为8．73μg·L^-1。结论该法的不确定度主来源于最小2乘法拟合校准工作曲线,其次为测量重复性,使用标准物质（标准储备液）及稀释过程引入的不确定度也应引起重视。     

测定大米粉中镉的质量控制与不确定度评价

目的对石墨炉原子吸收测定大米粉中镉含量的结果进行不确定度评定。方法以GB/T 5009.15-2003中石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大米粉中镉含量,根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》的有关规定,建立石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大米粉中镉不确定度方法。结果测定结果表明,对于大米粉中镉含量分别为141μg/kg、405μg/kg,扩展不确定度分别为7μg/kg(k=2)、38μg/kg(k=2),最终测量结果表示(141±7)μg/kg、(405±38)μg/kg。结论影响最终不确定度结果的主要是重复测定、称量、消解、定容。其中测定重复性产生的不确定度影响最大。     

石墨炉法测定尿镉结果不确定度表达与分析

目的计算出尿镉测定值的不确定度与影响不确定度的因素。方法依据JJF059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表达》原理和方法计算尿镉测定值合成标准不确定度。结果尿镉含量X=(16.67±0.06)μg/L。其不确定度主要包括:①标准溶液浓度;②标准溶液稀释量具;③标准曲线方程;④重复测定相对不确定度;⑤检测仪器分辨率;⑥石墨炉法相对不确定度;⑦检样量取;⑧有效数字修约。结论全面反映检测全过程是质量控制的关键。     

血浆纤维蛋白原常规测量不确定度的研究

目的探讨测量标准不确定度评价在临床检验常规测定中的应用。方法以血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)常规测定为例,按测定不确定度评定过程,分析不确定度分量的来源,按A类评定。结果纤维蛋白原测定的不确定度分量来源主要包括:标准不确定度、人体生理变异、厂家提供的标准品、检测的偏倚值等。其中,精密度分量按CLSI EP5A文件评定,分别为2.01%(Fib=2.35g/L)和2.58%(Fib=3.42g/L)。根据厂家的溯源性报告,标准品的不确定度分量为0.5%;根据北京市室间质评回报结果,偏倚所致的不确定度分量为0.61%(Fib=2.52g/L)和1.94%(Fib=3.30g/L)。经合成,单一样本的扩展不确定度为(2.35±0.05)g/L和(3.42±0.11)g/L。结论临床检验常规测定中应根据具体情况分析不确定度分量的来源,用不同方案合成标准不确定度。     

工作场所空气中甲醛含量的不确定度分析

目的分析工作场所空气中甲醛含量测定过程的不确定度,明确实验中对结果准确性影响较大的环节。方法找出实验过程中各不确定度分量,计算合成标准不确定度以及扩展不确定度。结果在各分量不确定度中,标准溶液配置引入的不确定度和重复测量引入的不确定度对实验结果的不确定度贡献是较大的,结论在本实验过程中,首先在实验过程中选择合格的标准物质,配制标准溶液时要细心、准确,其次要尽可能多的重复测量测定液以减少不确定度。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定面粉中镉的不确定度评定

目的通过对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定面粉中镉含量不确定度进行评定。方法建立数学模型,分析不确定度来源,量化不确定度分量,评定面粉中镉的合成和扩展不确定度。结果不确定度评定结果为（29.0±0.5）,k=2。结论分析不确定度的主要来源是由配制标准系列引入相对不确定度。     

HPLC标准曲线法测定氟康唑杂质校正因子的测量不确定度评定

通过对HPLC标准曲线法测定氟康唑杂质校正因子的实验过程进行不确定度评定，探索影响杂质校正因子测定准确性的主要共性因素，为提高测定结果的准确性提供研究思路。首先分别建立了氟康唑及其杂质A、B、C、D、F、I相应的拟合直线，计算各杂质及其对应主成分的拟合直线斜率之比作为该杂质的校正因子。接着以GUM法为基础，根据已经建立的校正因子测定过程的不确定度评定方案，分别计算得到标准曲线法测定各杂质校正因子的不确定度。氟康唑杂质A、B、C、D、F、I校正因子分别为1.068±0.046、0.102±0.005、0.0582±0.003、1.382±0.121、0.802±0.067和1.383±0.119，其中包含因子k=2。最后计算各不确定度分量的贡献率，氟康唑杂质A、B、C、D、F、I校正因子测定的相对合成标准不确定度urel(f)中主成分和杂质的线性方程斜率不确定度urel(K)贡献率之和占比均大于85%；在线性方程斜率不确定度urel(K)中，12组数据中的8组溶液浓度不确定度贡献率占比在80%以上，其中由对照品含量在溶液浓度中引入的不确定度贡献率约为80%。由此可见，标准曲线法测定杂质校...     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定尿铬的实验条件探讨

目的对石墨炉原子吸收法测定尿铬的实验条件进行探讨,并确定方法最佳试验条件,以改善并提高本方法的灵敏度和准确度。方法优化石墨炉在测定尿铬的升温程序,确定最佳样品保存酸度和保存时间,应用硝酸铵基体改进剂改善背景干扰,比较并确定合适的线性范围,对实际样品进行加标回收率和精密度测定。结果对石墨炉测定尿铬的升温程序进行优化后提高了测定方法的灵敏度,确定使用1%的硝酸作为样品的保存酸度,加入10μL30%的硝酸铵基体改进剂,经比较后确定0～10μg/L铬工作曲线作为最佳线性范围。对54份尿样进行测定,样品均值加标回收率为97%~110%,精密度均值为3.57%~7.89%。结论应用石墨炉原子吸收法测定尿铬,对实验条件进行探讨后,确定样品最佳保存酸度和保存时间,通过优化石墨炉升温程序并加入硝酸铵基体改进剂,确定0～10μg/L铬线性范围后,方法更可靠,灵敏度更高,     

火焰原子吸收法测定食品考核盲样中锌含量不确定度分析

目的 探讨火焰原子吸收光谱法测定食品考核盲样中锌含量不确定度. 方法用原子吸收仪测定食品考核盲样中锌含量,根据数学模型从并品取样,样品定容标准储备液配制标准曲线.结果 标准曲线线性回归方程和重复测量等方面进行测量不确定度分析.求得合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0.00105mg/kg和±0.06mg/kg.结论 通过对各不确定度分量的量化分析得出测定的多方面影响因素可对火焰原子吸收测定食品中锌含量不确定度进行合理的评定.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中铬

目的研究食品安全风险监测中铬分析的特点,建立有效和准确的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中铬的检测方法。方法采用微波消解、湿法消解、高压消解和干灰化法4种前处理方式消解样品,加入磷酸铵、磷酸二氢铵和钯盐等基体改进剂消除样品干扰、优化仪器条件,进行石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中铬。结果测定铬的最佳基体改进剂为磷酸二氢铵。4种前处理方式的加标回收率差异无统计学意义(F=1. 026,P 0. 05),精密度差异无统计学意义(F=0. 998,P 0. 05)。测定铬的定量限为1. 5μg/L,线性范围0～16. 0μg/L,加标回收试验的回收率在90%～104%之间。结论石墨炉原子吸收光谱法准确、可靠、灵敏度和精密度高,可满足食品中铬的风险监测要求。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.