苦参碱对体外小鼠脾细胞增殖及腹腔巨噬细胞释放白细胞介素－1及－6的影响

目的：研究苦参碱对小鼠脾细胞增殖及腹腔巨噬细胞释放白细胞介素１（ＩＬ１）及６（ＩＬ６）的影响．方法：［３Ｈ］ＴｄＲ参入法测定脾细胞增殖，胸腺细胞增殖法和Ｂ９细胞增殖ＭＴＴ法测定ＩＬ１和ＩＬ６活性．结果：苦参碱（１２５－５００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）以剂量依赖方式显著抑制ＣｏｎＡ及脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）诱导的小鼠脾细胞增殖以及ＬＰＳ诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放ＩＬ１和ＩＬ６．结论：苦参碱抑制体外小鼠脾细胞增殖及巨噬细胞分泌ＩＬ１和ＩＬ６．     

Inhibitory effects of nitric oxide and interleukin-10 on production of tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-6 in mouse alveolar macrophages

目的：观察一氧化氮和ＩＬ１０对肺泡巨噬细胞炎症反应的调节作用．方法：小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）受脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１刺激同时,加入一氧化氮合酶抑制剂Ｓ硫酸甲基异硫脲（ＳＭＴ）或一氧化氮供体Ｓ亚硝基乙酰青霉胺（ＳＮＡＰ）．ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定上清液中ＴＮＦα、ＩＬ１β、ＩＬ６和ＩＬ１０浓度．结果：ＡＭ受ＬＰＳ刺激后,ＴＮＦα、ＩＬ１β和ＩＬ６释放峰值分别在６、１２和２４小时．ＳＭＴ抑制一氧化氮释放,但促进ＩＬ１β和ＩＬ６释放,对ＴＮＦα无影响．ＳＮＡＰ对ＩＬ１β和ＩＬ６释放有明显的抑制作用,呈剂量依赖效应．重组ＩＬ１０抑制ＴＮＦα、ＩＬ１β和ＩＬ６释放,而ＩＬ１０单克隆抗体促进上述因子释放．结论：内源及外源性一氧化氮和ＩＬ１０均对ＬＰＳ诱导的炎症性细胞因子释放有抑制作用．     

Effects of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid on phagocytosis and cytokines production of peritoneal macrophages in vitro

研究１０羟基２癸烯酸（ＨＤＡ）在体外对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活性的影响．方法：测定ＨＤＡ对吞噬活性，抗癌细胞因子ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ１产生的影响．结果：ＨＤＡ（５０，１００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）能增强巨噬细胞吞噬活性，ＨＤＡ在５０，１００，２００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１时能促进ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ１产生．结论：ＨＤＡ上调巨噬细胞的吞噬活性，促进ＴＮＦ和ＩＬ１产生，在抗肿瘤和免疫调节中起一定作用．     

苦参碱对脂多糖／痤疮丙酸杆菌诱导的小鼠肝炎及产生肿瘤坏死因子的影响

用小鼠致死性肝炎模型和ＴＮＦ体外诱生的方法，研究苦参碱（Ｍａｔ）对脂多糖（ｌｉｐｏｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓ，ＬＰＳ）诱导的经痤疮丙酸杆菌（ｐｒｏｐｉｏｎｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｔｔｍａｃｎｅｓ，ＰＡ）预刺激的小鼠产生肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）以及致死性肝炎的影响。结果表明：Ｍａｔ（１０，５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１），ｉｐ，ｂｉｄ×３ｄ）可降低血清ＴＮＦ和ＡＬＴ水平及小鼠对ＬＰＳ致死毒性的敏感性，并可在体外抑制ＬＰＳ诱导的经ＰＡ预刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放ＴＮＦ。提示Ｍａｔ的保肝作用与其抑制ＴＮＦ释放有关。     

Cytokine and nitric oxide production by rat microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharides in vitro

目的：研究ＬＰＳ刺激体外培养的新生大鼠小胶质细胞产生ＩＬ１，ＩＬ２，ＴＮＦα和ＮＯ的特征．方法：小胶质细胞与ＬＰＳ（０－１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）孵育０－７２ｈ，分别测定细胞外和细胞内的ＩＬ１，ＩＬ２和ＴＮＦα的生物活性和细胞外ＮＯ水平．结果：ＩＬ１，ＴＮＦα和ＮＯ分别在ＬＰＳ刺激后１，４，和８ｈ检测到，并在８，２４和２４ｈ达到峰值．ＬＰＳ１ｍｇ·Ｌ－１刺激细胞外ＩＬ１，ＴＮＦα和ＮＯ的产生最高，但细胞内ＴＮＦα水平极低，ＬＰＳ未能刺激ＩＬ２产生．结论：体外ＬＰＳ刺激大鼠小胶质细胞产生大量炎性细胞肽和ＮＯ．     

白介素2和肿瘤坏死因子α对大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞产生一氧化氮的影响

用Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ法检测细胞培养上清中ＮＯ÷２含量作为反映细胞产生一氧化氮（ＮＯ）量的指标，观察细菌脂多糖（ＬＰＳ），干扰素γ（ＩＦＮ－γ），肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦ－α）及白介素２（ＩＬ－２）对大鼠Ｃ６胶质瘤细胞产生ＮＯ的影响．结果Ｃ６细胞于体外培养８ｈ时可自发产生ＮＯ，２４ｈ达峰值（１７．５±１．９ｖｓ溶剂对照组６．５±１．９μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１），４８ｈ仍有产生．在所用剂量范围，上述因素单独作用２４ｈ均不影响Ｃ６产生ＮＯ，而５－５００ｋＵ·Ｌ－１ＩＬ－２与０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１ＬＰＳ或５０ｋＵ·Ｌ－１ＩＦＮ－γ合用可增强Ｃ６产生ＮＯ（１０．６－１３．４ｖｓ７．２μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１），ＬＰＳ，ＩＦＮ－γ及ＴＮＦ－α三者合用亦有一定促进Ｃ６产生ＮＯ作用．提示炎性刺激与炎性细胞因子共同作用可促进中枢神经胶质细胞产生ＮＯ．     

Effects of heparin on growth factor-induced mitogenic and proliferative responses of rat pulmonary a

目的：探讨肝素是否能抑制生长因子诱导的大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）分裂和增殖．方法：应用含１０％ＦＢＳ的Ｍ１９９培养液培养大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣ．细胞分裂及细胞增殖分别用［ｍｅｔｈｙｌ３Ｈ］ＴｄＲ和细胞计数监测．结果：ＦＢＳ（１０％），以及ＦＢＳ（１％）与ＰＤＧＦ（５０μｇ·Ｌ－１），ＦＧＦ（５０μｇ·Ｌ－１），或ＩＬ１α（１００ｎｇ·Ｌ－１）联合应用均能增加大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣ分裂．肝素（１００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）抑制１０％ＦＢＳ诱导的大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣ增殖（２８％±６％）和胸腺嘧啶摄取反应（２７％±７％），抑制ＦＢＳ（１％）与ＰＤＧＦ（５０μｇ·Ｌ－１），ＦＧＦ（５０μｇ·Ｌ－１），或ＩＬ１α（１００ｎｇ·Ｌ－１）联用诱导的大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣ增殖（２５％±６％，２７％±７％，２０％±４％），以及胸腺嘧啶摄取反应（２３％±７％，２６％±６％，２０％±６％）．结论：肝素抑制生长因子诱导的大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣ的分裂与增殖．     

苦参碱对体外小鼠脾细胞增殖及腹腔巨噬细胞释放白细胞介素—1…

目的：研究苦参碱对小鼠脾细胞增殖及腹腔巨噬细胞释放白细胞介素－１（ＩＬ－１）及－６（ＩＬ－６）的影响，方法：（＾３Ｈ）ＴｄＲ参入法测定脾细胞增殖，胸腺细胞增殖法和Ｂ９细胞增殖ＭＴＴ法测定ＩＬ－１和ＩＬ－６活性。结果，苦对碱（１２５－５００ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１）以剂量依赖方式显著抑制ＣｏｎＡ及脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）诱导的小鼠脾细胞增殖心及ＬＰＳ诱导的的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放ＩＬ－２和ＩＬ－６。结论：苦参碱抑制体个     

氨甲喋呤对类风湿性关节炎患者外周血单个核细胞产生细胞因子的影响

目的研究氨甲喋呤（ＭＴＸ）对类风湿性关节炎（ＲＡ）患者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）产生细胞因子的影响。方法采用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗夹心法，观察ＲＡ患者ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－６的自发分泌及ＭＴＸ和ＬＰＳ的影响，以及ＭＴＸ和ＰＨＡ对ＩＬ－１０和ＩＦＮ－γ产生的影响。结果低浓度ＭＴＸ（５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）有抑制ＲＡ患者ＰＢＭＣ自发分泌ＩＬ－６的作用，并对ＬＰＳ（１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）诱导ＩＬ－６的产生具有抑制作用，对ＴＮＦ－α的自发分泌及ＬＰＳ促分泌作用无明显影响；而高浓度ＭＴＸ（１５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）对ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－６和ＩＮＦ－γ均具有抑制作用；并能促进ＰＨＡ（１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）诱导ＩＬ－１０的产生；使ＩＬ－１０／ＩＮＦ－γ的比率上升。结论ＭＴＸ通过调节细胞因子网络（增高Ｔｈ２型细胞产生的细胞因子和降低Ｔｈ１型细胞产生的细胞因子）来发挥免疫调节作用和抑制炎症反应，这可能是其对ＲＡ产生治疗作用机制之一     

Effects of dexamethasone, cyproheptadine, anisodamine, and dinoprostone on TNF_α production in endotoxic shock

目的：研究地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）、噻庚啶（Ｃｙｐ）、山莨菪碱（Ａｎｉ）和地诺前列酮（Ｄｉｎ）对脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）诱导的肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦα）基因表达的影响和抑制ＴＮＦα产生的抗休克作用．方法：Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠静脉注射ＬＰＳ（ＥｃｏｌｉＯ１１１Ｂ４,５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）复制内毒素休克模型．Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交分析肝脏ＴＮＦαｍＲＮＡ表达,放射免疫法测定血浆ＴＮＦα的含量．结果：ＬＰＳ攻击后２ｈ肝脏ＴＮＦαｍＲＮＡ表达水平显著增高（放射性自显影扫描分析３８±１０ｖｓ盐水对照组１１±８,Ｐ＜００１）;血浆ＴＮＦα水平明显升高［（２２±３）μｇ·Ｌ－１ｖｓ盐水对照组（２２±１０）μｇ·Ｌ－１,Ｐ＜００１］．静脉注射ＬＰＳ后立即静脉注射Ｄｅｘ５,Ｃｙｐ５,Ａｎｉ１０及Ｄｉｎ２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１均能显著降低大鼠肝脏ＴＮＦαｍＲＮＡ水平和血浆ＴＮＦα含量,提高ＬＰＳ２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１攻击的小鼠２４ｈ的存活率．结论：Ｄｅｘ,Ｃｙｐ,Ａｎｉ和Ｄｉｎ均能显著抑制ＬＰＳ诱导的ＴＮＦα基因表达,具有较强的抗休克作用．     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.