基于ANN和PCA的玉米品种特征分析与识别研究

研究了一种基于玉米外观形态和颜色特征进行的玉米品种的特征主分量分析及BP神经网络识别方法。采用数码相机获得了11个品种每个品种50粒共550幅图像,然后对各品种对应的籽粒群体图像提取每个籽粒的形态特征8个,颜色特征12个、纹理特征13个,共33个特征参数,采用主分量分析PCA的方法提取其主分量,将这些主分量作为BP神经网络的输入,构建4层神经网络,并分别定义11个玉米品种的二进制编码作为网络的输出,建立特征参数与玉米品种之间的神经网络识别模型。试验结果表明,方法对11个品种550个籽粒的品种检出率为92%以上,得到了较好的识别效果。     

基于图像处理的小麦容重检测方法研究

为了实现图像处理技术对小麦容重影响因素的分析和容重的准确识别,研究了一种基于小麦图像特征和模式识别的小麦容重检测方法。采集不同容重小麦完整籽粒和籽粒横切面图像,对图像进行中值滤波、形态学运算、图像分割等处理,提取原图像与处理后图像的形态、颜色和纹理共3大类44个特征参数。最后采用逐步判别分析对提取的特征参数进行筛选,建立线性参数统计分类器和BP神经网络模型实现小麦不同容重的检测。结果表明,与小麦横切面图像特征相比,小麦完整籽粒图像的特征参数能更好的反映不同容重的差异;2种分类器对基于完整籽粒图像的小麦容重整体识别率均在95%以上。研究结果证明将图像处理技术应用于小麦容重检测识别是可行的。     

基于多源感知信息融合的牛肉新鲜度分级检测

利用机器视觉和近红外光谱的多源感知信息融合技术评判牛肉新鲜度,并开发了相关的识别系统。以牛后腿肉为研究对象,对获取的图像特征信息和光谱特征信息,采用BP神经网络建立牛肉新鲜度分级模型。其中,通过主成分分析提取相应的主成分因子作为建模输入,根据挥发性盐基氮含量划分新鲜度等级作为模型输出。结果发现,在图像特征信息因子数为6、光谱信息主成分因子数为6时,建立的模型预测识别率可达98.31%。结果表明,基于机器视觉和近红外光谱技术的多源感知信息融合技术评判牛肉新鲜度的方法可行。     

基于图像处理和神经网络的小麦不完善粒识别方法研究

为了实现图像处理技术对小麦不完善粒的准确快速识别,研究了一种基于小麦不完善粒图像特征和BP神经网络的不完善粒识别方法。采集小麦不完善粒图像,对图像进行中值滤波、形态学运算、图像分割等处理后,针对每个小麦籽粒,提取其形态、颜色和纹理共3大类54个特征参数,采用主成分分析法提取8个主成分得分向量作为模式识别的输入,建立BP神经网络模型,实现对小麦不完善粒的检测识别。结果表明,该模型对完善粒、破损粒、病斑粒、生芽粒和虫蚀粒的判别正确率分别为93%、98%、100%、90%和85%,平均判别正确率达到93%,可有效对小麦不完善粒进行检测识别。     

基于高光谱图像技术的长枣糖度无损检测

基于高光谱图像技术对长枣含糖量进行无损检测。由长枣高光谱图像获取反射光谱进行多元散射校正处理,再采用主成分分析获得主成分数据作为BP神经网络的输入变量,建立长枣糖度预测模型。结果表明,采用BP神经网络预测长枣糖度模型优于PLS,模型的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.927 4和1.712 5。利用高光谱图像技术对长枣糖度的无损检测是可行的。     

具有注视功能的机器视觉系统及其算法

在皮革、纺织,食品、冶金和农林牧产品加工等行业中,大背景中微小缺陷的检测大量存在。本文模仿人类的视觉注意机制,提出了一种基于注视机制的机器视觉检测系统及算法。系统由多个低分辨率、低成本的摄像头获取不规则的图像,用主成分分析法对原始样本数据提取特征,然后由BP神经网络对特征进行分类识别以确定可疑区域位置,再控制从动摄像头获取目标区域的细节图像,解决了传统机器视觉系统固有的图像冗余数据问题。     

基于颜色特征和BP神经网络的大米加工精度判别方法研究

提出了基于颜色特征和BP神经网络判别大米加工精度的方法。设计了基于机器视觉的大米加工精度检测装置采集大米图像,利用图像处理技术对获取的大米图像进行预处理,提取大米籽粒目标图像;在大米籽粒腹部确定半径为R的圆形区域作为颜色特征值提取区域,将颜色特征值提取区域按面积平均分成5个同心圆子区域,提取每个子区域的R、G、B颜色值,并将颜色值转成色调H值作为描述大米籽粒表面加工精度的颜色特征值,以5个颜色特征值作为输入值,采用BP神经网络对大米的加工精度进行检测。试验结果表明:该方法对4种不同加工精度大米样品籽粒检测的平均准确率为92.17%。     

基于计算机视觉的玉米粒形检测方法

提出了利用计算机视觉技术检测整粒玉米和破碎玉米的方法,以适应快速准确检测玉米品质的要求。设计了一套基于计算机视觉技术的玉米粒形检测装置,开发了玉米粒形检测算法;首先采用玉米粒形检测装置获取玉米籽粒图像,再对图像进行预处理,然后根据玉米籽粒的特点提取面积、周长、长、宽等8个特征参数,将粒形特征参数作为输入值构建BP神经网络对玉米的粒形进行检测。结果表明:该方法对整粒玉米检测的准确率为97.50%;对破碎玉米检测的平均准确率为91.83%。     

基于机器视觉技术淡水鱼品种在线识别装置设计

研制基于机器视觉技术的淡水鱼品种在线识别装置。采用CCD彩色摄像头、图像采集卡、光电开关、数据采集卡、输送机、照明箱等部件组成在线识别装置的硬件部分;基于Visual C++6.0平台编写具备淡水鱼图像采集、图像分析、鱼体特征提取、品种识别等功能模块的在线识别软件程序。利用本装置对鲤鱼、鲫鱼、草鱼、鳊鱼等4种大宗淡水鱼进行品种在线识别。结果表明,以BP神经网络作为识别模型,该装置对4种淡水鱼进行识别的平均准确率达到92.50%,检测所需时间平均为1.3s,该装置可以用于淡水鱼品种的在线、快速、准确识别。     

玉米籽粒霉变等级高光谱图像检测方法研究

为了快速、无损检测出储藏玉米籽粒不同霉变状况,提升玉米收储环节质检效率,尝试利用高光谱成像技术结合机器学习算法构建玉米籽粒霉变等级分类模型。采集400～1 000 nm波段范围内玉米籽粒高光谱图像,以测定的真菌孢子数为依据,将籽粒霉变状态划分为健康、轻度霉变、中度霉变和重度霉变4个等级,采用随机蛙跳(RF)算法优选出7个光谱特征变量,针对特征波段图像,利用Tamura算法共提取出21个纹理特征变量,基于颜色矩阵提取出21个颜色特征变量。进一步结合支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)3种算法分别建立基于光谱、图像和图谱特征融合的玉米籽粒霉变等级分类模型。经分析比较,融合光谱和图像特征并结合ELM算法建立的分类模型用于玉米籽粒霉变等级识别效果最优,训练集和测试集分类准确率(Acc)分别为94.21%和93.86%,并将玉米籽粒霉变等级进行可视化表达。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.