UHT杀菌乳中耐热菌的分离与鉴定

采用2种不同的细菌富集方式对5种不同品牌UHT（Ultra High Temperature）杀菌牛乳中残留的细菌进行了分离，得到18株细菌，并对它们进行了耐热性和细菌学鉴定试验。结果表明，18株细菌全部耐热，初步将其归为3个属。其中，片球菌属10株，均为戊糖片球菌，肠球菌属3株，1株类鸟肠球菌，2株粪肠球菌；微球菌属5株，1株嗜冷微球菌，4株变异微球菌。虽然这些耐热菌均为非致病菌，但是遇到适宜条件，这些耐热菌会生长繁殖，导致乳产品在贮藏和流通过程中发生变质。     

发酵香肠中分离纯化的三株乳酸菌产酸特性研究

为了研究从发酵香肠中分离纯化的3株乳酸菌粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)和肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)的产酸性能,对这3株菌在不同pH、温度、NaCl、NaNO2条件下的生长情况及产酸情况进行了测定。研究结果显示:这3株菌中,肠膜明串珠菌和戊糖片球菌的生长特性较好;粪肠球菌的生长特性虽不如肠膜明串珠菌和戊糖片球菌,但产酸能力最好,戊糖片球菌耐盐性最好、肠膜明串珠菌耐亚硝酸盐的特性最好;在不同温度和pH条件的测试中,肠膜明串珠菌的生长能力最好,粪肠球菌次之。这3株乳酸菌在发酵肉制品中均产生乳酸。总之,这3株菌均具有用于发酵制备乳酸的能力。     

产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

从蒙古国风干牛肉中分离出28株乳酸菌,以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核增生李斯特菌为指示菌检测28株乳酸菌的抑菌活性,其中菌株37X-3和菌株37X-13对3种指示菌的抑菌能力较强,且经胃蛋白酶和蛋白酶K处理后抑菌活性全部丧失,表明2株乳酸菌通过产细菌素的方式发挥抑菌作用。再经表型、生理生化和基因型鉴定,确定菌株37X-3为戊糖片球菌,菌株37X-13为乳酸片球菌。2种片球菌素在121 ℃,15 min,pH 2～6范围均能抑制3种指示菌的生长,且对单核增生李斯特菌抑菌作用最强。2种片球菌素抑菌谱广,不仅能抑制枯草芽孢杆菌、屎肠球菌等革兰氏阳性菌,还能抑制沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌等革兰氏阴性菌。     

湘西传统酸鱼中乳酸菌的分离及特性研究

对从湘西传统酸鱼4个不同发酵阶段分离的196株乳酸菌种类进行了研究,分离出的乳酸菌主要包括植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、食品乳杆菌、明串珠菌、肠球菌及干酪乳杆菌等,并且这些乳酸菌在发酵过程中呈现出一种动态的变化进程。同时对分离到的乳酸菌进行了一系列的生理生化试验;产酸速率实验,耐食盐、耐亚硝盐实验,耐酸及耐胆盐实验,氨基酸脱羧酶实验以及抑菌实验,选育出具有较好的发酵剂潜力的3株植物乳杆菌和1株戊糖片球菌。     

类开菲尔粒中乳酸菌和酵母菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性

从采自内蒙古锡林高勒河流域牧区的类Kefir粒中分离出8株乳酸球菌和6株酵母菌，通过对其形态、培养特性、生物学特性的研究，鉴定乳酸球菌中，2株属于明串珠菌属，3株属于片球茵属，3株属于肠球菌；酵母菌中4株属于克鲁维酵母属，2株属于酒香酵母属。     

新疆传统乳品中乳酸菌的抗氧化能力

实验用菌为从新疆传统乳制品酸奶和干酪中分离出的7株乳酸菌,分别是乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)1株、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)3株、耐久肠球菌(Enterococcus durans)1株、魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)1株和面包乳杆菌(Lactobacillus panis)1株。对其清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基、还原能力以及亚铁离子螯合能力进行了研究。结果表明:7株乳酸菌具有不同的抗氧化能力,其中植物乳杆菌亚铁离子螯合能力最强,乳酸片球菌超氧阴离子自由基清除能力相对较高,魏斯氏菌的DPPH自由基清除能力较强,面包乳杆菌的羟自由基清除能力和还原能力最强。     

应用PCR-DGGE研究液熏罗非鱼片贮藏过程中的菌相变化

采用基于PCR反应的变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE),对液熏罗非鱼片在贮藏过程中的菌相组成及变化进行分析,旨在为液熏罗非鱼的贮藏条件提供理论基础。研究结果表明:用DGGE法总共分离到13个条带,测序比对相似度在90%以上的菌种有10种,分别是:2株肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),2株梭菌(Clostridium),2株乳球菌属(Lactococcus),2株戊糖片球菌(Pediococcuspentosaceus),1株明串珠菌(Leuconostoc),以及1株假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),乳酸菌(LAB)占所有菌株的50%。贮藏早期(2 d)和末期(7 d)的菌相较为复杂,可辨识条带10,贮藏中期(2~7 d)菌相条带表现出集中和明显的特点,可辨识条带仅在5条左右,微生物多样性减少,图谱结合测序分析表明贮藏期的优势菌种为乳酸球菌(Lactococcus)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcuspentosaceus)和梭菌(Clostridium)。     

新疆地区驴乳源优良乳酸菌发酵剂的筛选及菌株益生特性

从新疆哈密地区的15个驴乳样品中分离筛选出38株疑似乳酸菌,其中7株菌具有明显凝乳特性.经16S rRNA基因测序鉴定为乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)HL12-21、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)HL29-5、蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundt...     

扬州稀甜酱中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及抑菌活性初探

以扬州稀甜酱为研究对象,采用经典乳酸菌筛选法从样品中分离、纯化乳酸菌,采用形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析对乳酸菌进行鉴定,并采用牛津杯法对发酵滤液的抑菌活性进行研究。结果表明,从扬州稀甜酱中共分离、纯化出33株乳酸菌,其中15株菌株被鉴定为屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）,12株菌株被鉴定为乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）,4株菌株被鉴定为类肠膜魏斯氏菌（Weissella paramesenteroides）,2株菌株被鉴定为酸鱼乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidipiscis）,屎肠球菌和乳酸片球菌为扬州稀甜酱中的优势乳酸菌。乳酸片球菌TJ17和TJ31发酵滤液对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（Listeria monocytogenes）和大肠埃希氏菌（Escherichia coli）均有明显的抑制作用,且乳酸片球菌TJ31抑菌效果较好。     

市售腌渍菜中植物乳酸菌的分离及其特性研究

对10种市售腌渍蔬菜进行乳酸菌分离纯化及特性研究,从中分离到14株乳酸菌和5株其它菌,对其进行培养,并做特性和生化试验鉴定。结果表明:14株乳酸菌中有6株为短乳酸菌,4株为植物乳酸菌,1株为发酵乳酸菌,3株为乳酸片球菌。5株其它菌均为污染菌。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.