纳米金复合材料涂层毛细管电泳法快速测定鱼肉中的组胺

建立高效毛细管电泳法快速检测鱼肉中组胺含量的方法。方法 鱼肉样品经100 g/L的三氯乙酸溶液超声萃取20 min,萃取液经离心和过滤后进行毛细管电泳分离检测。采用季铵化纤维素负载的纳米金复合材料(QC-Au NPs)对毛细管内壁进行动态涂层,以抑制管壁对组胺的吸附。电泳条件:毛细管为熔融石英毛细管(75/365 μm,40/47 cm),运行缓冲液为500 μg/ml QC-Au NPs 磷酸缓冲液(pH=6.0),反向电压-12 kV,柱温20 ℃,检测波长211 nm。结果 在涂层毛细管中,组胺的吸附被抑制,峰拖尾现象消除,并在4 min内出峰。组胺在0.05～0.80 mg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好(r²=0.998 7),检出限(S/N=3)为0.002 mg/ml,定量限(S/N=10)为0.007 mg/ml。鱼肉中组胺加标回收率为94%～105%,RSD为3.1%～7.2%。结论 该方法具有快速,简便,准确度和精密度高等特点,适用于鱼肉中组胺的快速检测。     

顺磁离子介导磁弛豫生物传感器评定鱼肉新鲜度

构建一种新型的顺磁离子价态转换介导的磁弛豫生物传感方法,用于鱼肉中次黄嘌呤和组胺的快速检测,进而评定鱼肉的新鲜度和品质。通过利用次黄嘌呤和组胺被酶催化分解产生的过氧化氢的还原性和氧化性,诱导不同价态顺磁离子（Mn（VII）/Mn（II）和Fe（II）/Fe（III））的转化,使磁信号发生变化,实现次黄嘌呤和组胺的定量分析。结果表明：顺磁离子介导的磁弛豫生物传感器能够实现次黄嘌呤和组胺的高灵敏检测,次黄嘌呤和组胺的线性范围分别为0.525～1 050 μmol/L和5～1 000 μmol/L,检出限分别为0.17 μmol/L和2.34 μmol/L,且在鱼肉样本检测中与高效液相色谱法一致性良好。该传感器灵敏度高、检测速度快、成本低,在鱼肉及相关产品新鲜度评定和品质控制方面具有良好的应用潜力。     

基于适配体吸附金纳米颗粒比色传感检测组胺

建立一种基于核酸适配体吸附金纳米颗粒（gold nanoparticles,AuNPs）比色传感方法特异性检测组胺的方法。利用组胺的双重作用,1）能与其适配体特异性识别,暴露AuNPs表面;2）多余组胺中的咪唑环结构能取代AuNPs表面的柠檬酸根离子,破坏AuNPs间的相互静电作用,导致聚集现象,进而引起从红到蓝的颜色变化,从而实现组胺的定量检测。利用紫外-可见分光度计考察AuNPs的吸光度变化,得出比色方法的检测限为8.89 nmol/L,线性范围为50 nmol/L～1.2 μmol/L（R2=0.999）。同时,利用手机成像样品,并利用Image J软件分析各样品的红（R）、绿（G）、蓝（B）各通道的值,选用G/R作为检测信号,得出RGB方法的检测限为24.91 nmol/L,线性范围为150 nmol/L～1.0 μmol/L（R2=0.997）。此外,该方法对组胺具有很好的选择性,两种信号输出方式在水样中的加标回收率分别为91.82%～102.27%、98.96%～102.89%;在鱼肉样品中的加标回收率分别为89.77%～108.92%、88.96%～109.82%。本方法简单、快速、便携,尤其RGB方法无需借助精密仪器,即能实现现场即时分析样品的需求,以期该方法能推广于高灵敏监测动物源性食品的新鲜度。     

树枝状表面增强拉曼散射基底制备及孔雀石绿痕量检测

在表面活性剂十二烷基甲基溴化哌啶(N-methyl-N-dodecylpiperidinium bromide,C12PDB)溶液中以抗坏血酸为还原剂还原氯金酸(HAuCl_4),可快速合成具有树枝状结构的金纳米粒子(gold nanoparticles,Au NPs)。透射电子显微镜结果显示得到的树枝状Au NPs具有各向异性生长的均匀对称结构,大小为3.5～4μm。此树枝状Au NPs具有优异的拉曼活性,作为表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)基底检测罗丹明6G(rhodamine 6G,R6G)表现出了较高的灵敏度和良好的检测重复性,可测得R6G溶液最低浓度为3×10~(-9) mol/L,计算得增强因子约为105,其检测线性范围为3×10~(-9)～3×10~(-7) mol/L,10~(-6) mol/L R6G的10次重复检测结果中各特征峰强度的相对标准偏差均低于10%。以树枝状Au NPs作为SERS基底对溶液中孔雀石绿的检出限为1×10~(-8) mol/L,并可用于鲫鱼肉中孔雀石绿的快速检测,样品加标回收率为81.6%～102.1%。     

RP-HPLC测定阿奇霉素缓释阴道栓的含量

目的 建立RP-HPLC测定阿奇霉素缓释阴道栓的含量.方法 用C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)柱,以乙腈-磷酸氢二钾溶液(0.02 mol/L)-磷酸二氢钾溶液(0.07 mol/L)溶液(60∶25∶15)为流动相,柱温40℃,流速1.2 mL/min,检测波长215 nm.结果 阿奇霉素的线性范围为60～800 μg/mL,r=0.999 8;低、中、高3种浓度的平均回收率分别为101.4%,99.1%,101.2%.结论 本方法简便、灵敏、准确.     

氮掺杂碳点的开关型荧光传感器检测蔬菜中的生物硫醇

研究并建立一种开关型荧光传感器模型快速检测Hg2+和生物硫醇。以柠檬酸和尿素为前驱体,通过一锅水热法制备了氮掺杂碳点(N-CDs),并对其进行了表面形貌、紫外和荧光光谱以及表面基团表征的检测,以检测体系pH、Hg2+浓度、孵育时间(荧光猝灭和恢复时间)为单因素,优化检测生物硫醇的最佳条件,并在最优检测条件下建立相应的标准曲线。结果表明,N-CDs的最佳激发和发射峰分别是340和432 nm,量子产率(FLQY)为32.72%。优化得到谷胱甘肽(GSH)的最佳检测条件为pH=5.0,Hg2+浓度为200 μmol/L,460 s荧光猝灭和380 s荧光恢复,最佳检测半胱氨酸(Cys)条件为pH=5.6,Hg2+浓度为300 μmol/L,440 s荧光猝灭和400 s荧光恢复,在最优条件下该传感器对0~300 μmol/L的GSH和100~400 μmol/L的Cys具有线性响应,检测限(LOD)分别为2.56和3.46 μmol/L,加标回收率为80%~120%。以上结果表明该传感器对检测蔬菜中生物硫醇有较好的选择性和准确度,能为食品基质中生物硫醇的荧光快速检测提供一种新思路。     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测苹果汁中亚胺硫磷

利用种子生长法合成出不同大小(35～91nm,金核19nm;66～127nm,金核43nm)的金核银壳纳米粒子(Au-Ag NPs),对其形貌和光学特性进行表征,并将其作为表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底,探究不同粒径和金银比例对亚胺硫磷检测的影响。试验结果显示:42nm Au-Ag NPs(金核19nm)和78nm Au-Ag NPs(金核43nm)对亚胺硫磷标准溶液具有最佳的SERS增强效果,最低检出浓度可低至0.05mg/L。但Au-Ag NPs基底应用于苹果汁中亚胺硫磷的SERS快速检测效果存在较大差异,以42,78nm Au-Ag NPs作为增强基底时,苹果汁中的亚胺硫磷最低检出浓度分别为5.0,0.5 mg/L。研究表明通过筛选出合适的粒径及金银比例的Au-Ag NPs有望实现对果汁中亚胺硫磷的现场快速检测。     

毛细管电泳-电化学发光联用分离检测水产品中的组胺和亚精胺

基于生物胺类物质对三联吡啶钌([Ru(bpy)32+])的电化学发光性有显著的增敏作用,建立1种新型毛细管电泳-电化学发光联用分离检测生物胺的方法。以[Ru(bpy)32+]的电化学发光信号为基础,重点考察检测池条件。结果表明,最佳条件是:检测电位1.15 V,[Ru(bpy)32+],浓度5 mmol/L(p H 7.00),进样时间10 s,进样电压13k V,运行缓冲液为p H 7.00的50 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液。在最优条件下,二盐酸组胺标准品在1~100μmol/L浓度范围内的电化学强度与组胺浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为I=150.78c+44.54,相关系数r=0.9975(n=5),检出限(S/N=3)为0.496μmol/L;亚精胺标准品在1.5~7.5μmol/L浓度范围内电化学发光强度与亚精胺浓度呈良好的线性范围,线性方程I=6 426.7c+4.72,相关系数r=0.9978(n=5),检出限(S/N=3)为0.6μmol/L。在最优条件下测定样品中的组胺和亚精胺,结果均未检测到组胺。青蛾中亚精胺峰高和迁移时间的RSD值分别为0.83%和1.58%,加标回收率115.14%~118.02%;花蛤中亚精胺峰高和迁移时间的相对标准偏差(RSD)值分别为0.48%和1.67%,加标回收率108.82%~112.34%;海瓜子中亚精胺峰高和迁移时间的相对标准偏差(RSD)值分别为2.03%和1.82%,加标回收率107.26%~119.50%。     

基于Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe)@Ag NPs的三唑磷SERS检测方法

针对在农产品中简便、快速地检测农药三唑磷残留问题，建立基于磁纳米、金属有机框架和Ag纳米颗粒(Ag NPs)的核-壳-卫星纳米结构表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)基底，并应用在有机磷农药三唑磷的灵敏检测。通过低温循环自组装法和银镜循环制备了由MIL-100(Fe)包覆的Fe₃O₄，并在表面原位负载Ag NPs组成的核-壳-卫星纳米结构的Fe₃O₄@MIL-100(Fe)@Ag NPs基底。对苹果中的三唑磷残留进行SERS传感，三唑磷特征峰强度对数值与质量浓度对数值的线性检测范围为0.05～10 mg/L，线性方程为Y=0.573 8X+2.804(R²=0.980)，检出限低至11.9μg/L。在加标量为2、5、10 mg/L时，该方法的回收率为90.07%～103.27%。表明制备的SERS基底在食品农残中的检测领域具有巨大潜力。     

基于氧化锌@金纳米复合材料/玻碳电极电化学传感器检测双酚A

目的 制备了氧化锌@金纳米复合材料/玻碳电极(Zinc oxide@Gold nanocomposites/Glassy carbon electrode,ZnO@Au/GCE)传感器,对双酚A进行检测分析。方法 合成了氧化锌纳米花(Zinc oxide nano flower,ZnO)并在ZnO上面生长纳米金(Gold Nanocomposites,Au)制备了新型的ZnO@Au纳米复合材料。以ZnO@Au为修饰材料,采用玻碳电极(Glassy carbon electrode,GCE)构建了ZnO@Au/GCE)传感器。通过对缓冲液、ZnO@Au的优化,确定ZnO@Au/GCE的最佳工作条件,对双酚A进行检测分析。结果 ZnO@Au不仅导电性、稳定性好而且具有良好的催化性,可有效提高ZnO@Au/GCE的灵敏度。双酚A浓度与氧化峰电流分别在0.05~1.0 μmol/L和1.0~240 μmol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为0.021 μmol/L,加标检测结果与高效液相色谱法一致,且该传感器重复性、稳定性和选择性较好对常见干扰物有良好的抗干扰能力。结论 ZnO@Au/GCE操作简便、快捷且准确度高可用于双酚A的快速定量分析。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.