基于帧差法和自适应阈值区域生长的红外运动目标检测

针对具有背景干扰、信噪比低的红外图像,提出了一种基于帧差法和自适应区域生长的红外运动目标检测方法.首先对红外图像进行了高帽变换,以抑制大面积背景的干扰,相邻帧图像间做帧差,初步提取目标区域;其次分析了红外目标的特性,针对其特性提出了一种基于灰度等级的自适应阈值分割方法;最后以帧差法检测的目标质心为种子点,以自适应阈值为分割准则,在预处理后的图像中进行区域生长,最终实现了红外运动目标的检测.结果表明,所提算法可抑制大面积背景的干扰,实现单个和多个红外运动目标的完整提取和检测.     

一种改进的完全搜索块匹配算法

完全搜索块匹配算法是图像序列稳定中常用的运动估计方法,在传统的完全搜索块匹配算法中,在搜索区域中图像序列的当前帧和参考帧对应的像素对对匹配结果的贡献是完全一样的,这样使得算法的性能容易受到待稳定的图像序列中各种噪声的影响。针对这个不足,提出了一种改进的完全搜索块匹配算法。在新的匹配准则中,搜索区域中图像序列的当前帧和参考帧对应的像素对对匹配结果是否有贡献取决于它们灰度值之差的绝对值与预先设定的门限值进行大小比较的结果,对应的灰度值之差的绝对值不超过该门限值的像素对对匹配结果有贡献,而且贡献大小受到与像素对位置相关的加权处理,否则该像素对对匹配结果无贡献。实验结果证明了该算法的优越性。     

HOS运动目标分割算法在视频监控中的应用

为了提高视频监控中运动目标分割的速度和准确度,研究并实现了一种基于高阶统计量HOS(HigherOrder Statistics)的分割算法.首先根据HOS假设检验处理帧差图,判定像素点是否属于运动区域,阈值通过灰度共生矩阵获得,考虑了背景纹理的慢变化.然后,用矩形框聚类法大致确定运动目标的范围,在该范围内使用形态运算法和首尾扫描法去除空洞.最后,使用模板相与法获得帧图像的运动目标模板,从原图像中分割运动区域.算法采用了由粗到精的分析策略,实验表明,是一种快速稳健的算法.     

运动检测算法的研究和仿真实现

帧间差法和背景差法都是重要的运动检测方法,其核心问题在于如何得到准确的运动对象.针对该问题,本文提出一种结合帧间差和背景差的自动分割算法.该算法通过累积的帧差信息构建出可靠的背景,再将背景与当前帧比较,进而提取出视频运动对象.本文运用了最大类间方差法OTSU(又名"大津法")来获得自适应阈值,能更准确地对背景差图像进行阈值化分割,克服了传统固定阈值容易失效的问题.还采用了形态滤波的方法,对二值图像进行去噪,填充空洞.     

盆式绝缘子闪络的典型异物红外图像识别算法

分割典型异物像素区域时,难以选取最佳分割阈值,导致识别出的典型异物定位精度较差,由此,提出盆式绝缘子闪络的典型异物红外图像识别算法。去除红外图像脉冲噪声、高斯噪声,通过边缘锐化和灰度均匀化,划分图像目标和背景,利用遗传算法搜索各类图像灰度方差和最大值,将最大值对应的分割阈值作为最佳阈值,分割典型异物像素区域,构建改进BP神经网络,提取分割图像的异物类别特征,迭代训练后,识别周围典型异物类别。实验结果表明,该方法减小定了位边界框与异物矩形框的间距,提高了异物目标定位精度和识别效率。     

基于时域定区间记忆补偿的视频对象分割算法

提出了一种新的基于时域定区间记忆补偿的视频对象分割算法。首先,使用对称帧帧差累计法及帧差图像的四阶矩检测出初始运动变化区域;然后,对检测出的初始运动变化区域通过时域定区间记忆补偿法进行补偿,并进一步整合形成全局运动记忆母板,在空域使用Sobel边缘检测算子较为精确地检测得到当前帧中所有边缘;最后,进行时空融合,从而提取出完整精细的运动对象轮廓并通过填充得到运动对象模板。实验证明了本文算法的正确性和快速性。     

一种基于内容表示的图像序列运动分割算法

提出了一种MPEG－4标准所规范的基于内容表示的图像序列运动分割算法。首先进行图像序列二维运动估计并计算位移帧差,然后,将位移帧差作为将运动物体从静止背景中分离出来的标准进行分割;最后对分割结果进行形态滤波。实验结果显示,在物体存在整体运动的情况下,分割结果表现出了很好的准确度,可以成功地提取图像序列中的运动物体。     

一维对象复杂度的灰度图像分割算法

从图像复杂度的角度,提出一种一维对象复杂度的灰度图像分割算法。用阈值将灰度图像分为背景与目标2类,统计其对应直方图与总像素个数,并计算对象复杂度;依据图像复杂度分割准则算法公式,遍历每一灰度级对应的图像复杂度值,选取图像复杂度值最小对应的灰度值为最佳分割阈值。仿真实验结果表明,与经典Otsu算法、信息最大熵算法和最小交叉熵算法相比,本文算法速度快,稳定性和效率最好,是一种通用有效的图像分割算法。     

基于区域模板相关的图像匹配方法研究

传统的图像相关匹配方法是利用求取对应像素灰度的相关性进行图像之间的相似度量的。由于参考图和实测图之间存在着灰度差异、模糊、噪声以及局部遮挡等,这就使得仅依靠图像灰度相关进行匹配的算法性能受到影响。基于图像分割后的区域是比像素灰度更高一级的图像表述,利用势函数聚类自适应多阈值图像分割技术,提出了一种对图像的加权区域模板相关匹配的算法。这种算法建立了一种目标区域隶属度的相关度量方法。试验结果表明了该算法在多种图像变形情况下的有效性。     

改进的Otsu算法及在运动目标检测中的应用研究

针对Otsu自适应阈值分割算法中阈值搜索精准度较低、效率不高的问题,本文结合视频图像序列的帧间相关性,利用遗传算法的全局寻优优势,及模拟退火算法较好的爬山性能,提出一种改进的Otsu算法,并与三帧差分法相结合应用于视频运动目标检测。实验证明,该算法相对Otsu算法和对比算法减少阈值分割中的寻优尝试次数,使最优阈值的选取更精确,并提高了目标检测效果。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.