日本天然调味料的市场动向

天然调味料是指食品的天然原材料经分解、抽提、精制而成的一类调味料。其富有天然原料的风味，有利健康，是当前国际上流行的调味料。日本的天然调味料市场规模见表1。其中基料型产量约8万t强，销售额约700亿日元，包括配合型在内的产量为13万t弱，销售额约1300亿日元。抽提型天然调味料因其符合消费者的“真实、天然、高级化”意愿，自1975年左右迅速发展，目前已占天然调味料的七成。近年来酶分解型调味料发展迅速，因其比抽提型口味更复杂、深奥，并且同样具有真实、天然E日全等特点。近年来，抽提型调味料出现追求更佳风味的倾向，依…     

日本酵母调味品的开发与应用

日本利用酵母作原料，开发新型调味品，有酵母精（酵母提取物）与酵母发酵型调味料具有天然、富营养、安全性高、呈味性强、风味胜于味精和强力味精等特点与优点，因而应用十分广泛。近十年来风行欧美日等国家，世界上也用于作天然食品调味料的配料。     

天然调味料的制作

介绍了天然调味料的历史和种类,其种类有牛肉系列、猪肉系列、鸡肉系列、酵母系列和混合系列等。并介绍了酵母抽提液、水解型调味料和抽提类调味料等天然调味料的制作方法,如抽提类调味料又可分为畜肉香型调味料、水产类调味料和袋装冷冻肉骨等。畜肉香型调味料成品呈固体浓膏,具有独特的固有香气,脂肪〈10％．固形物〉60％,NaCl含量在25％-30％之间;水产类调味料调味料呈粘稠状,细腻无颗粒,棕褐色,有光泽,具有其独特风味,无其他异味,水分≤40％,蛋白质≥40％,食盐≥8％,氨基酸态氮≥1．5％,总糖≥10％．脂肪≤5％。阐述了天然调味料的成分及其应用。     

日本开发的新型食品添加剂

■小球藻为主料的食品添加剂日前,日本开发出以小球藻的热水抽提液和单甘油脂、甘油为主成分,加入乙醇、水、调味料、苹果酸(可加或不加)制成呈味性佳、保存性好的食品添加剂,其中小球藻热水抽提液占总成分的10%～11%,乙醇、水、甘油、单甘油脂、调味料可以不同比例配入,组成各种小球藻主料的食品添加剂,可广泛应用于面类、豆酱、酱油、蛋糕及西点中.     

面类用调味料的最近倾向

1.前言 本文主要介绍日本的面类用调味料最近倾向。面类用调味料属于调味料范畴,本文不拟对调味料作全面介绍,仅就我国尚未重视,而在日本已成为面类主要调味料的抽提型天然调味料作适当展开。2.面类用调味料的基本原料 方便面中除了着味面以外均须配用调味料。我国的方便面消费量已达30多亿份,日本在1991年已达45亿份以上,可见调味料在面类中的应用前景极佳。     

天然调味料

天然调味料的现状中国由于双职工、老年人口的增加及经济增长等的社会原因，饮食生活正逐步向简便化、真材实料、美味、健康的方向转变。由此倾向可以预测食品加工及餐饮业今后会有更大的发展。随着加工食品及调味食品的发展，对调味料的多样化、专用化、高品质化提出了越来越高的要求。天然调味料的发展趋势由单一调味料转向复合调味料素材经热处理、调理了的调味料保持香味油、香味蔬菜香味的调味料根据不同料理、不同目的明确用途的调味料想必今后天然调味料所追求的特点只有两个。l）美味且无厌味的味道；2）美味且不腻的味道。（l）美…     

日本天然调味料开发现状

介绍了日本天然调味料的分类,各种氨基酸类和抽提类天然调味料的种类、特征和使用方法。     

天然调味料

天然调味料一、天然调味料的制造和分类以天然物质为原料，将这种原料中所含有的可以有效地做为调味料使用的有滋味的成分或香气成分，通过抽提或分解的方法进行提取，然后加工成便于在食品加工中所使用的形式，或者是使用这些物质与其它有效成分混合所形成的物质，一般称...     

基于GC-MS分析不同郫县豆瓣对复合调味料挥发性风味的影响

本研究利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）,检测以不同品牌郫县豆瓣为原料制成的鱼香味型和麻辣味型复合调味料中的挥发性物质,并结合化学计量学和感官性状分析不同品牌郫县豆瓣对复合调味料挥发性风味物质的影响。实验结果表明：鱼香味型复合调味料中共鉴定出63种挥发性成分,其中醇类6种,醚类5种,醛类6种,酸类6种,烃类28种,酮类3种,酯类5种,其他化合物4种。麻辣味型复合调味料样品中共检测到了64种挥发性成分,包括醇类6种,醚类1种,醛类9种,酸类8种,烃类27种,酮类1种,酯类5种,其他7种。研究表明,不同品牌郫县豆瓣对鱼香味型和麻辣味型复合调味料风味的影响存在显著差异,鱼香味型复合调味料风味的差异主要体现在醛类、酯类和醚类物质的种类和含量上,川郫、恒星和丹丹豆瓣所制成品在醛类、酯类和醚类物质的含量上有较高含量,对鱼香味型风味的形成有较大作用。麻辣味型复合调味料风味的差异主要表现在醛类物质的种类和含量上,川老汇豆瓣增强麻辣味型风味的优势体现在含有丰富的醛类物质。     

复合调味料添加酵母抽提物减盐前后风味的变化

通过感官评价对增强鲜味型酵母抽提物-A（YE-A）、基础鲜味型酵母抽提物-B（YE-B）和浓厚味型酵母抽提物-C（YE-C）的呈味特点、减盐效果进行分析,复配出一款专用型酵母抽提物-D（YE-D）,达到协助鸡精及薯条复合调味料实现减盐的作用,并研究减盐前后复合调味料口感及风味的变化。结果表明,在鸡精复合调味料减少20%、30%食盐的情况下,使用酵母抽提物-D（YE-D）可较好的保持其口感及风味;在薯条复合调味料减少40%食盐的情况下,使用酵母抽提物-D（YE-D）结合一定量氯化钾,可显著增强薯条的口感及风味。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.