锑膜修饰电极差分脉冲溶出伏安法测定食品中痕量铅、镉

目的 考察并优化同位镀锑膜电极差分脉冲溶出伏安法测定铅、镉的条件.方法 采用差分脉冲溶出伏安法,以锑膜修饰金电极作为工作电极测定食品中痕量铅、镉离子.结果 铅、镉在锑膜电极上可得到灵敏的溶出峰,铅、镉的溶出电位分别为0.58 V(Epb)和0.81 V(Ecd).当电沉积时间为180 s时,铅、镉的检出限分别为1.95和2.10 μg/L,RSD分别为1.14％和0.95％,铅、镉溶出峰电流同0～100μg/L铅、镉离子呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.997).结论 利用本方法测定了食品样品中铅、镉的含量,并与石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法做了对比,结果令人满意,同时使用锑膜修饰电极可避免使用汞膜电极带来的环境污染.     

铋膜电极微分电位溶出法测定酒中铅和锌

以镀铋膜电极代替汞膜电极为工作电极进行同位镀铋微分电位溶出分析，依据溶出峰值（dt/dE）与被测离子浓度成正比的关系进行定量。结果表明，在HAc—NaAc介质中，铅、锌可在镀铋膜电极上得到灵敏的微分电位溶出峰，峰电位分别为-0．55V和-1．10V，检出限铅为0、02μg／25mL，锌为0．03μg／25mL。该方法无污染，灵敏、简便，是一种快速绿色的分析方法。     

方波溶出伏安法测定茶叶中的痕量铅

研究提出了一种基于方波溶出伏安法的电化学传感器测定食品(茶)中痕量铅的快速测定新技术。优化了电极预镀汞膜的条件,最佳底液浓度及pH;最佳仪器条件参数等。实验结果表明,在优化条件下,溶出峰电流与铅浓度在0～6.7×102μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,其回归方程为:Ip(μA)=-0.522-3.5642C(μg/L),相关系数为0.997,检出限为3.76μg/L。得出茶样中含铅的浓度为1.15mg/kg,且回收率达到89.9%～102.3%。由此可知,用研究出来的方波溶出伏安法电化学传感器测定茶叶中的痕量铅,具有快速、准确、简便、灵敏等优点。     

流场形丝网印刷电极测定牛乳中微量铅

采用丝网印刷工艺制备新型流场形电极,通过同位镀铋膜,在流动状态下用方波阳极溶出伏安法(SWSV)检测牛乳中微量铅离子,并对测定条件进行了优化。Pb~(2+)的浓度在(0.5~100)μg/L范围内与溶出峰电流呈良好的线性关系,线性方程i_p(μA)=0.1326c(μg/L)+0.2835(R=0.9987),检出限0.2μg/L。与采用常规丝网印刷电极和静止状态的SWSV检测方式相比,该法灵敏度显著提高。将测定结果与原子荧光光谱法相比,两者无显著性差异。     

方波溶出伏安法同时测定食盐中的痕量铅、镉

在4%的盐酸介质中,应用方波溶出伏安法,在电位-0.508V、-0.712V附近分别产生铅和镉的灵敏溶出峰,方法线性良好,具有简便、快速、灵敏度高的优点,以连续标准加入法定量分析,可适用于食盐中痕量铅、镉的连续分析检测。     

方波溶出伏安法测定葡萄酒中的微量铅

使用LK98BⅡ型微机电化学分析仪,方波溶出伏安法,于pH2的盐酸介质中,-0.43V峰电位处产生一个灵敏峰,从而检测出葡萄酒中的铅,以工作曲线法定量,检出限为0.002μg。该方法简便,灵敏度高,适用于葡萄酒中铅痕量的分析检测。     

锑膜电极阳极溶出伏安法及在水和食品重金属检测的研究进展

重金属威胁人类健康,尤其是水和食品的痕量重金属更是人们关注的焦点。本文综述了近年来锑膜修饰电极的制备和阳极溶出伏安法在痕量重金属离子检测方面的应用研究进展。首先介绍了锑膜电极的制备方法。然后,介绍了三种阳极溶出伏安法的研究进展,包括方波、差分脉冲和线性扫描阳极溶出伏安法。最后介绍锑膜及复合锑膜修饰电极在水和食品重金属检测中的应用进展。锑膜修饰电极阳极溶出伏安法测定痕量重金属有灵敏度高、选择性好、操作简单快速等优势,适用于水和食品中的重金属检测。     

镀铋膜修饰玻碳电极方波伏安法测定豆芽中痕量铬

采用铋膜电极方波伏安法测定豆芽中痕量铬.通过正交试验优化Cr(VI)的测定条件,在最优参数下,Cr(VI)的浓度在0.1 μg/L～200 μg/L范围内与峰电流呈良好的线性关系;Cr(Ⅵ)的检测限为0.001 μg/L.在最佳检测条件下,测定铬的含量为2.824 mg/kg.试验相对标准偏差<10%,回收率在90%～110%之间.结果令人满意,具有很高的实际应用价值.     

同位镀汞阳极溶出伏安法测定牛奶中镉、铅、铜

建立阳极溶出伏安法同时快速测定牛奶中的镉、铅和铜元素的方法。利用同位镀汞阳极溶出伏安法对 牛奶样品中镉、铅和铜元素含量进行同时测定,并对测试条件进行优化。镉、铅和铜元素峰电位分别为－0.70、 －0.52、－0.08 V;线性范围分别为0.1～40、1～80、0.5～100 μg/L;检测限为0.06、0.3、0.1 μg/L。采用该方法测 定了牛奶样品中的镉、铅和铜含量,加标回收率分别为99.57%、101.3%、98.00%,相对标准偏差（n=5）分别为 4.0%、2.9%、2.7%,将测定结果与原子吸收光谱法检测结果对比,两者无显著性差异(P＞0.05）。结果表明该方法 快速、简单、准确,可用于牛奶中镉、铅和铜元素的同时检测。     

基于羟磷灰石电化学传感器快速检测茶叶中痕量铅

利用十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液分散羟磷灰石和离子液体,替代惯用的有毒汞修饰丝网印刷碳电极,构建新型快速测定痕量铅电化学传感器。选用0.1 mol/L HAc-NaAc为支持电解质,用方波溶出伏安法,优化羟磷灰石与离子液体比例和修饰方法等检测条件。采用常规电感耦合等离子体质谱法验证本方法对实际样本中铅的检测结果。在优化的工作条件下,铅电化学传感器在4~250μg/L质量浓度范围内得到标准曲线,检测限为0.386μg/L(RSN=3);连续5次测定后的相对标准偏差为3.87%。新型快速铅检测电化学传感器与普通的传感器相比,稳定性、灵敏度和安全性都得到有效改善,且准确、经济、易规范,其创新性显著,具广泛的应用潜力。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.