基于大米中镉暴露水平的多种评估模型的比较

目的 以估算长期经大米摄入的镉暴露水平为例,比较食品污染物暴露评估过程中常用的3种统计模型,即观测个体均数（OIM）模型、贝塔二项正态分布（BBN）模型和非参数模型的优缺点。方法 以大米、镉、膳食等为中文关键词,Rice、Food和Cadmium等为英文关键词,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台和PubMed数据库中关于我国大米中镉浓度的文献,并结合一项中国营养调查中3 d 24 h膳食调查获得的食物消费量数据,分别采用上述3种模型,估算我国居民及各年龄性别组人群长期经大米摄入镉的暴露水平。结果 全人群OIM模型显示我国人群经大米导致的镉暴露量第2.5~97.5百分位数（P2.5~P97.5）为0.081~0.576 μg/（kg·BW·d）,非参数模型的结果为0.081~0.573 μg/（kg·BW·d）,BBN模型结果为0.104~0.611 μg/（kg·BW·d）。不同人群中OIM模型、非参数模型与BBN模型估算的镉暴露水平的平均值相近,其中全人群中3种模型均值分别为0.278、0.277和0.278 μg/（kg·BW·d）。结论 在原始数据充足的条件下,非参数模型与OIM模型评估结果近似,而BBN模型可以通过扣除个体内消费频率差异,对经食品污染物的暴露评估结果更保守。     

山东省小麦粉镉污染状况调查及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解山东省各市小麦、小麦粉的镉污染水平,对居民经小麦粉摄入镉的健康风险进行初步评估。方法 在山东省16市农贸市场、商店超市、农户中采集小麦、小麦粉共计1 789份样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行镉含量测定;结合小麦粉消费量数据,对山东省居民通过小麦粉途径的镉暴露风险进行评估。结果 检测数据表明,小麦镉含量明显高于小麦粉中镉含量（Z=-12.50,P<0.001）。小麦和小麦粉镉含量均存在地区差异。风险评估结果显示,小麦粉平均消费水平的人群每月镉摄入量（EMI）为1.18 μg/kg·BW,占暂定每月耐受摄入量（PTMI）的4.72%;小麦粉高消费人群EMI为2.87 μg/kg·BW,占PTMI 的11.47%。结论 山东省居民平均消费人群通过小麦粉途径的镉暴露风险较低,但镉含量较高的地市的小麦粉高消费人群膳食镉暴露风险仍需进一步关注。     

Monte Carlo模拟对面制品中铝膳食暴露风险的概率评估

结合常见市售面制品中铝的残留量监测结果,采用Crystal Ball软件建立非参数概率评估模型,对居民面制品来源的铝膳食暴露量进行了初步评估。结果表明,所有面制品样品的铝残留量均值为15.5 mg/kg,最高检出值为1437.7 mg/kg,超标率为8.5%。不同类别面制品中铝的残留量差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05),以油炸类面制品的铝残留量均值最高,为22.7 mg/kg。不同年龄人群面制品来源的铝膳食日暴露量的P99百分位数分别为青少年(6~17岁):男性103.89/女性116.47 μg/(kg·d);青年(18~44岁):男性66.36/女性79.36 μg/(kg·d);中年(45~59岁):男性68.23/女性72.41 μg/(kg·d);老年(≥60岁):男性73.80/女性78.89 μg/(kg·d),低于每日可耐受摄入量(ADI)285.7 μg/(kg·d),风险指数最大值为0.41,小于1。面制品来源的铝膳食暴露风险在可接受范围内,普通居民通过面制品摄入铝的健康风险较低。     

广西主要食品中砷污染及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握广西主要食品中砷污染的水平,评估居民膳食无机砷暴露量及其潜在健康风险。方法利用2010-2015年广西主要食品中总砷及无机砷含量数据和食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估的方法 ,计算广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露水平及其分布情况,并利用暴露限值(MOE)法评估其潜在健康风险。结果 16 567份食品样品中,总砷检出率为42.71%(4 735/11 087),无机砷检出率为48.07%(2 634/5 480)。总砷平均含量以海洋甲壳类最高,其次是海水鱼类和软体动物;检测无机砷食品样品中,平均含量为0.018~0.072 mg/kg,其中以大米无机砷平均含量最高。除大米、新鲜水果、蛋及其制品、畜禽内脏直接采用其检测的无机砷结果外,其他食品均通过总砷转换到无机砷而进行暴露评估。一般人群和高消费量人群膳食中无机砷的平均每天暴露量MOE值均1,但18~34岁男性组高消费量人群每天无机砷暴露量的MOE值≤1。大米的贡献率远高于其他食物,是居民膳食中无机砷的主要来源。结论广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露风险总体上是安全的,而对于18~34岁男性组高暴露量人群可能存在一定的健康风险,大米是广西居民的主要食品,大米的安全问题需加以关注。     

某金属冶炼厂区周围农村居民膳食无机砷暴露评估

目的对广西某金属冶炼厂区周围农村居民膳食无机砷暴露情况进行风险性评估,为预防控制慢性砷危害提供依据。方法在广西某金属冶炼厂周围农村村屯,按照随机抽样的原则对该村屯居民自种自供的大米、蔬菜和养殖的鸡、鸭等食品采样,用GB/T5009.11—2003《食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》方法检测上述食品无机砷的含量,按照国家标准进行评价;同时结合当地居民膳食摄入量(食物频次法),并参考2002年广西营养与健康调查得出的农村居民各类食物每日消费量分别计算出当地居民膳食无机砷暴露量,利用JECFA提出的无机砷每公斤体重每周允许摄入量[PTWI为0.015mg/(kgBW·week)]进行风险性评估。结果该村种植的食用植物性农产品无机砷总体超标率为60.29%,其中大米超标率高达87.10%,平均含量为0.65mg/kg,最大超标15.5倍;蔬菜超标68.42%,平均含量0.16mg/kg;饲养家禽类食物总体无机砷超标率54.76%。每标准人每日平均、P90、P97.5膳食无机砷摄入量分别为0.2149mg、0.3900mg、0.4642mg,分别是JECFA提出的无机砷每日允许摄入量(ADI)的1.66倍、3.02倍、3.60倍(其中参考2002年农村居民食物摄入量计算为ADI的2.0倍)。结论该厂区周围村屯食用农产品无机砷污染严重,居民尤其是高消费人群膳食无机砷暴露量明显超过ADI值,存在危害健康风险。     

温州市本地大米重金属镉污染空间分布及人群膳食暴露风险评估

目的 分析温州市本地大米重金属镉污染水平及空间分布规律，评估温州市居民食用本地大米镉暴露的健康风险。方法 收集2016—2021年温州市本地大米的监测数据，利用Arcgis 10.2软件将大米镉含量空间分布进行可视化展示，采用普通克里金插值分析方法进行插值分析；结合居民消费量数据，采用简单分布评估法，对温州市居民食用本地大米镉暴露的健康风险进行评估。结果 740份本地大米中镉含量中位数为0.069 mg/kg，检出率和超标率分别为95.68%、11.49%。本地大米镉含量较高的地方主要集中在鹿城区西北部及瑞安市中部地区。温州市成年居民食用本地大米镉的平均月暴露量和高消费人群月暴露量（P95）分别为12.04、21.08μg/kg·BW，未成年人食用本地大米镉的平均月暴露量和高消费人群月暴露量分别为17.02、32.04μg/kg·BW。居民食用鹿城区本地大米镉的平均暴露量和高消费人群暴露量均大于每月可耐受摄入量（PTMI）。结论 1.16%的温州市成年居民食用本地大米镉暴露量高于PTMI，大米高消费未成年人食用本地大米镉的暴露水平较高，居民食用鹿城区本地大米镉暴露的健康风险较高。     

梅花鹿茸血冻干粉的安全性评价

通过小鼠急性毒性试验,大鼠30 d喂养试验,三项遗传毒性试验,小鼠尾部铅皮负重游泳,小鼠血清中尿素水平检测,小鼠肝脏中糖原储备量测定以及小鼠运动前后血清中乳酸水平的测定对梅花鹿茸血冻干粉的食品安全性及对小鼠的缓解体力疲劳作用进行探讨。结果表明：小鼠急性经口毒性>15 g/kg·BW,属无毒级;鹿茸血冻干粉0.6,1.3,2.0 g/(kg·BW·d)剂量在30 d喂养试验中未对大鼠的体重、摄食量、血液常规和血液生化指标产生影响,且三项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性。0.6 g/(kg·BW·d) 组小鼠负重游泳时间长于阴性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;0.1,0.2,0.6 g/(kg·BW·d) 组肝糖原储备量高于阴性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;0.6 g/(kg·BW·d)组小鼠游泳前后血乳酸变化的曲线下面积值低于阴性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。梅花鹿茸血冻干粉食用安全,且具有缓解小鼠体力疲劳功能。     

广西梧州市土榨花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1膳食暴露风险评估

为了解梧州市居民通过小作坊土榨花生油摄入黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）的膳食暴露风险,随机抽取梧州市3区、4县小作坊生产散装土榨花生油共496份,检测其AFB1含量,应用点评估方法评估梧州市居民的土榨花生油AFB1膳食暴露风险。结果表明：496份土榨花生油中,AFB1检出率为40.3%,含量在0.12~109.00 μg/kg之间,平均含量为3.63 μg/kg,超标率为4.64%,居民平均AFB1膳食暴露量为1.67 ng/(kg·d),平均暴露限值(MOE)为240;男性居民平均AFB1膳食暴露量低于女性居民,城市居民低于农村居民,AFB1对女性居民造成的风险高于男性居民,对农村居民造成的风险高于城市居民。风险评估结果表明,梧州市居民通过土榨花生油摄入AFB1潜在风险较高。     

边销茶中蒽醌污染状况及其暴露风险评估

目的 了解我国边销茶中蒽醌（以9,10-蒽醌为代表）的污染状况,评估我国边销茶饮用人群的暴露水平及健康风险。方法 用气相色谱串联质谱法（GC-MS/MS）测定边销茶样品中蒽醌（以9,10-蒽醌为代表）的含量,基于2016—2017年边销茶中9,10-蒽醌食品安全风险监测数据,结合内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区、青海省居民的边销茶消费量数据,通过简单分布评估法对当地居民通过饮用边销茶蒽醌的暴露量进行估计,并与每日允许摄入量（ADI,6.8 μg/kg·BW）比较后进行风险评估。结果 141份边销茶样品中蒽醌总检出率为75.18%,平均含量为0.029 2 mg/kg,我国尚未制定茶叶中蒽醌的限量标准,以2014年欧盟法规条例（EU）No 1146/2014中规定的茶叶中蒽醌最大残留限量0.02 mg/kg作为参考,总超标率为57.45%。定型包装和散装的边销茶蒽醌超标率分别为64.63%和47.46%。简单分布评估结果显示,我国内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区和青海省饮茶者全人群每日通过边销茶摄入蒽醌的平均水平为9.37×10^-4 μg/kg·BW,占ADI的0.013 8%;边销茶高消费人群的每日暴露量（P95暴露量）为3.12×10^-3 μg/kg·BW,占ADI的0.045 9%。不同性别-年龄组中,45~59岁女性组每日平均暴露量和P95暴露量最高,分别为1.41×10^-3和6.16×10^-3 μg/kg·BW,远低于ADI值。结论 内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区和青海省居民经边销茶摄入的蒽醌对人体造成的健康风险较低,处在可接受水平。但我国边销茶中普遍存在蒽醌污染,需要进一步对茶叶中蒽醌进行溯源分析并控制污染源。另外,为积极应对欧盟等国家和地区对我国出口茶叶的蒽醌含量限定,建议相关部门研究制定茶叶中蒽醌的合理限量规定。     

重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露水平及其健康风险评估

目的 评估重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露水平及潜在的健康风险。方法 利用2018—2021年重庆市9类共2 780份食品中铬含量监测数据，结合中国健康与营养调查项目2018年重庆市膳食调查数据（3 d 24 h膳食回顾法），采用蒙特卡罗模拟估计重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露水平并评估其健康风险。结果 重庆市各类食物中铬平均含量范围为0.013 9~0.126 3 mg/kg，总体检出率为40.6%。铬平均含量以水产品及其制品最高，其次是特殊膳食用食品、叶菜类蔬菜和大米。重庆市居民膳食中铬每日平均暴露量范围为0.683~2.117 μg/kg·BW，高食物量消费人群的膳食暴露水平（P95）范围为1.165~3.597 μg/kg·BW。各年龄组人群的铬每日平均暴露量随年龄增加有降低的趋势，1~6岁人群的铬每日平均暴露量最高，60岁以上人群最低；男性铬平均暴露量高于女性；城市地区人群的铬平均暴露量高于农村地区。谷物及其制品对重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露的贡献率最高，达39.31%~49.13%，其次为蔬菜、肉及肉制品。各年龄、性别、地区组人群膳食中铬每日平均暴露量和P95暴露量占每日耐受摄入量（TDI）的比例均低于1。结论 重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露的健康风险较低，谷物及其制品、蔬菜、肉及肉制品是膳食中铬摄入的主要来源。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.