酶解鮰鱼皮明胶制备ACE抑制肽的工艺条件优化

以斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮明胶为原料,采用风味蛋白酶对其进行水解,制备ACE抑制肽。通过单因素实验考察温度、pH、底物浓度、加酶量及酶解时间对明胶水解物ACE抑制率的影响,在此基础上,采用Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面分析对风味蛋白酶水解鮰鱼皮明胶制备ACE抑制肽的工艺条件进行优化。实验结果表明,风味蛋白酶水解鮰鱼皮明胶制备ACE抑制肽的优化工艺条件为水解温度50℃,pH7.0,底物浓度4.5%,加酶量2.5%,酶解时间3h,在此条件得到的明胶水解物的ACE抑制率为91.45%,验证实验结果为89.81%。     

酶解鳙鱼鱼肉蛋白制备ACE抑制肽工艺参数优化

采用碱性蛋白酶Alcalase 2.4L对鳙鱼鱼肉蛋白进行水解,制备血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制肽。以酶解物ACE抑制率为指标,先进行单因素实验,确定底物浓度([S])、温度、pH、酶用量及水解时间5个因素的最适水平范围,再通过响应面分析法(RSM)对加酶量、温度和水解时间3个酶解工艺参数进行优化。结果表明:Alcalase水解鳙鱼鱼肉蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的最佳酶解条件为:[S]6%、加酶量2.2%、温度57℃,pH9.0及水解时间6.4h,此条件下酶解物ACE抑制率理论值为81.77%,验证实验结果ACE抑制率为81.52%,与理论值相符合。     

酶解猪血红蛋白制备降血压肽工艺参数优化

为获得具有较高降血压活性的降血压肽,选用胰蛋白酶对猪血红蛋白进行水解。以水解物对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制率为指标,先进行单因素试验,确定底物质量浓度、水解温度、pH值、酶用量及水解时间5个因素的最适水平范围,再通过正交试验对酶解工艺参数进行优化。结果表明胰蛋白酶水解猪血红蛋白制备降血压肽的最佳酶解条件为：底物质量浓度10g/100mL、水解温度45℃、pH8.0、水解时间8h、酶用量2000U/g,此时酶解产物对血管紧张素转化酶的抑制率为68.74%。     

胃蛋白酶水解甘薯蛋白制备血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽的研究

采用胃蛋白酶水解甘薯蛋白制备血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制肽,通过四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,考察底物浓度、酶与底物浓度比、pH值、温度对ACE抑制率的影响,并确定最优酶解工艺参数,最终建立了ACE抑制率与各影响因素的回归模型。在此基础上,确定了胃蛋白酶水解甘薯蛋白的最适条件为:底物浓度2.3%、酶与底物浓度比3.7%、pH2.3、温度37℃、时间8h,采用该优化工艺,得到ACE抑制率最大为78.37%的水解产物。为开发防治高血压的保健食品提供了理论依据。     

酶解虾壳蛋白制备ACE 抑制剂的工艺优化

以虾壳粉为原料,以水解度和ACE抑制率为指标,利用中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶进行酶解,其中中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶有较高的ACE抑制活性,因此对碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶的工艺条件进一步优化。结果表明：碱性蛋白酶酶解工艺优化条件为：温度60℃、pH9.5、底物质量浓度2.5g/100mL、加酶量4000U/g、酶解时间2.5h,在此条件下ACE抑制率最高,为67.70%,水解度为69.79%;中性蛋白酶酶解工艺优化条件为：温度50℃、pH7.0、底物质量浓度2.5g/100mL、加酶量2000U/g、酶解时间2h,在此条件下ACE抑制率最高,为84.04%,水解度为26.76%。提示中性蛋白酶酶解能够产生更多的ACE抑制肽,是酶解虾壳蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的较优酶。     

葵花籽粕酶解制备低钠盐ACEI抑制肽

为制备低钠盐含量的葵花籽粕蛋白血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽(ACEI抑制肽),建立了以Ca(OH)2溶液调节酶解反应pH值的制备工艺并进行了工艺参数优化。以蛋白水解度、产物ACE抑制率和苦味值为评价指标通过选酶试验从6种商业蛋白酶中确定胰蛋白酶为水解用酶。通过对葵花籽粕蛋白酶解试验,发现在其他酶解条件相同情况下,以Ca(OH)2调节酶解pH值的葵花籽粕水解多肽的ACE抑制率和水解度优于NaOH调节的,而苦味值相近。通过对底物浓度、加酶量、pH、温度和时间进行单因素试验和对时间、温度、pH等因素进行的正交优化试验,确定用Ca(OH)2调节酶解pH值的制备葵花籽粕蛋白ACEI抑制肽工艺参数为:底物的质量浓度为3.5%,加酶量2.85%(E/S),pH7.5、温度45℃和酶解时间5min,所得ACEI抑制肽产品的IC50值为6.06mg/mL。     

响应面法优化酶解制备绿豆蛋白ACE抑制肽的研究

以绿豆蛋白粉为原料制备绿豆ACE抑制肽,研究酶解时间、酶解温度、酶解pH、底物浓度、加酶量对ACE抑制率和水解度的影响,通过单因素实验得到最佳条件为:酶解温度55℃,酶解pH8,底物浓度2%,加酶量6000u/g。随后选取对ACE抑制率有显著影响的四个因素:酶解温度(X1)、加酶量(X2)、酶解pH(X3)和酶解时间(X4)进行四因素三水平的响应面分析实验,经过优化得到最优条件为:酶解温度55℃,酶解pH8.25,底物浓度1.75%,加酶量6200u/g。在此条件下,绿豆ACE抑制肽的抑制率为84.83%。     

响应面法优化黄粉虫蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的条件

以黄粉虫蛋白粉为原料,利用酶解技术对制备血管紧张素转换酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）抑制肽进行优化。通过单因素及响应面试验,确定木瓜蛋白酶的酶解工艺,利用酶标法测定酶解产物的ACE抑制率,研究底物质量浓度、加酶量、pH值、酶解时间、酶解温度对ACE抑制肽活性的影响。结果表明：当底物质量浓度为7 g/100 mL、加酶量1%、pH 6.5、酶解时间7 h、酶解温度55 ℃时,黄粉虫蛋白粉酶解产物的ACE抑制率达到58.86%。     

胃蛋白酶水解酪蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的条件

研究胃蛋白酶水解酪蛋白制备ACE 抑制肽的工艺条件。采用胃蛋白酶水解酪蛋白制备ACE 抑制肽,检测其水解产物的ACE 抑制率,以ACE 抑制率为指标,通过正交试验设计法,确定最终水解条件为水解温度37℃、pH3.0、酶与底物质量比1:100、底物质量分数7%,水解产物ACE 抑制率为92.5%,其IC50 值为0.24mg/mL。酪蛋白的水解度与ACE 抑制率之间并非简单的相关性。     

逆流超声辅助酶解法制备大米ACE抑制肽

研究逆流超声预处理大米蛋白对其碱性蛋白酶酶解制备血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme,ACE)抑制肽的影响。首先从米渣中提取大米蛋白,以ACE抑制率为主要指标,水解度为辅助指标,运用单因素逐级优化法对酶解反应的底物浓度、时间、温度、加酶量和pH进行参数优化,在此基础上筛选逆流超声模式的最佳超声参数。结果表明最佳酶解参数为底物浓度30 g/L、加酶量(E/S)7.5%、温度50 ℃、pH8.5和酶解时间60 min,此时酶解产物ACE抑制率为45.59%,水解度为21.49%。最佳超声参数为超声频率20 kHz、功率密度170 W/L、时间12.5 min。此时酶解液ACE抑制率达72.24%,水解度为21.64%,相较于未超声组ACE抑制率提高了57.42%,相较于传统超声组,ACE抑制率提高了11.36%。结果表明逆流超声波辅助酶解法能有效提高酶解效率、减少能耗、促进ACE抑制肽制备。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.