斜插式嫁接机砧木子叶气吸夹结构及作业参数优化试验

针对目前插接式瓜类自动嫁接机作业过程中,砧木夹持采用的压苗机构,普遍存在机构复杂、机构动作耗时影响作业生产率等问题,开发了一种砧木子叶气吸夹。该文以瓜类嫁接生产中常用的黑籽南瓜砧木标准苗和黄瓜接穗标准苗为作业对象,通过砧木子叶展平特性测定和气吸夹结构与作业参数优化试验研究,确定了气吸夹的优化结构与作业参数,并在2JC-600B型斜插嫁接机上进行了带压苗机构砧木夹与砧木子叶气吸夹性能对比试验。结果表明:在气源工作压力0.25 MPa、吸孔直径4 mm、吸孔距生长点距离30 mm时,气吸夹展平子叶成功率可达100%;与压苗机构砧木夹相比,采用气吸夹可减轻操作者熟练程度对嫁接机作业性能的影响,提高子叶展平成功率和嫁接成功率,对于熟练操作者,在满足嫁接作业质量要求的情况下可减少砧木上苗作业时间1 s,使嫁接生产率由514株/h增至600株/h,提高16.7%。该研究结果可为斜插式嫁接机的开发设计提供参考。     

嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成与砧木的相关性及其硅吸收分配特性

黄瓜果实表面蜡粉的多少影响其商品品质,蜡粉多少在一定条件下取决于植株对硅的吸收特性。本试验选择4个果实表面具蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z1、 Z2、 Z3和Z4）和4个果实表面没有蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z5、 Z6、 Z7 和Z8）为砧木,嫁接津优1号黄瓜,以自根黄瓜为对照,研究了嫁接和自根黄瓜果面蜡粉形成与硅吸收分配的关系。结果表明, 采用果面具蜡粉砧木Z1、 Z2嫁接的黄瓜果实表面鲜亮、 光滑,几乎无蜡粉;果面具蜡粉的砧木Z3、 Z4以及不具蜡粉的4个砧木嫁接的黄瓜果面蜡粉量多,色灰暗,与自根黄瓜之间差异显著或不显著。果面没有蜡粉的黄瓜植株各器官中硅含量显著低于果面有蜡粉的黄瓜;果实果皮中硅含量高于果肉。嫁接黄瓜果面是否具蜡粉与砧木果面有无蜡粉没有必然联系,采用去蜡粉砧木嫁接的黄瓜硅吸收量明显减少。     

山楂枝皮过氧化物酶同功酶及嫁接亲和力初探

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法检测了山楂属植物5个种11个品种枝皮的过氧化物酶同功酶,结果得知:山楂属植物枝皮过氧化物酶同功酶分2大酶区,有4条特征性谱带,种间差异较大,品种间差异较小。嫁接后不同砧,穗组合的过氧化物酶同功酶酶谱基本稳定,但随组合不同而有一定的变化。砧,穗过氧化物酶同功酶相同值越大,嫁接亲和力越强。同时对4个种,11个品种的44个组合进行了嫁接亲和力预测。     

甜樱桃矮化砧木矮化机理解剖学研究

本研究以六种甜樱桃砧木为试材，对其根皮率、根导管面积、根导管密度、根导管总面积／木质部面积比值、根木质部面积／横断面积比值、枝皮率、枝导管面积、枝导管平均总面积／木质部平均面积比值和枝木质部面积／横断面积比值等解剖结构进行了比较。试验结果表明不同砧木间各测定值存在较大差异，可以认为根皮率，枝导管密度、根、枝导管总面积／木质部面积比值和根、枝木质部面积／横断面面积比值可以作为预测甜樱桃矮化砧木矮化性的综合指标，为今后甜樱桃矮化砧木的选育提供依据。     

杜鹃红山茶芽苗砧嫁接亲和性生理研究

杜鹃红山茶（Camellia azalea）为山茶科山茶属常绿灌木或小乔木,是中国特有珍稀濒危物种,在园林与观赏园艺方面具有广阔的应用前景,兼具有极高的科研价值。国内外关于杜鹃红山茶嫁接繁殖的研究主要集中在木质化砧木嫁接方面,而芽苗砧嫁接技术及芽苗砧嫁接亲和性生理的研究鲜有报道。为了从生理层面揭示杜鹃红山茶接穗与不同油茶芽苗砧的亲和性差异,本研究以广西栽培面积广泛的高州油茶、广宁红花油茶、岑溪软枝油茶、普通油茶为芽苗砧,以杜鹃红山茶当年生半木质化枝条为接穗进行芽苗砧嫁接,于嫁接后90 d,考察不同芽苗砧处理对杜鹃红山茶接穗死亡率、嫁接苗叶片中初生代谢产物含量、抗氧化生理指标以及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明：（1）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶接穗的死亡率有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧,杜鹃红山茶嫁接死亡率最低,为18.5%;（2）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶接穗叶片中可溶性蛋白含量及淀粉含量有显著影响,采用高州油茶砧木,嫁接苗叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量均处于最高水平;（3）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸含量及过氧化物酶（POD）活性有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧,嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）含量最低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和POD活性最高;（4）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中总叶绿素、叶绿素a及叶绿素b含量有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧的杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中总叶绿素、叶绿素a及叶绿素b含量均最高。研究认为,杜鹃红山茶接穗与高州油茶芽苗砧具有较好的亲和性,其嫁接苗抗性优于其他芽苗砧处理,叶片生长状况较好,具有较强的光合能力。     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

Sap flow in ‘Hass’ avocado trees on two clonal rootstocks in relation to xylem anatomy

The rates of sap flow and xylem vessel features were studied in two-year-old nongrafted and grafted avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees. Daily sap flow rates were measured with heat and balance stem gauges in clonal Duke 7 (D7) and Toro Canyon (TC) trees and ‘Hass’ clonal scions grafted onto clonal D7 (H/D7) and TC (H/TC) rootstocks. Vessel features as size, number and total vessel area were determined histologically in the stem of the scion and rootstock and the roots of the grafted trees. Significant differences in the sap flow rate were found among the rootstocks, where D7 had a 29% higher sap flow rate than did TC (grafted and nongrafted trees). There were no differences among xylem vessel features in the stems of any of the varieties. However in the roots, D7 had wider and fewer vessels then TC do. Also, D7 had a 19% higher total vessel area than TC. These results suggest that the differences in water consumption of ‘Hass’ on different rootstocks may be associated with differences in the efficiency of the roots to absorb water across conductive tissue which may be linked to differences in the area of xylem vessels in the root.     

三倍体毛白杨不同砧木嫁接试验

为探索不同砧木亲合力对三倍体毛白杨一条鞭芽接成活率的影响 ,试验分别采用赤峰杨、少先队杨、群众杨作砧木进行了一条鞭芽接试验。结果表明 ,在上述砧木上进行芽接 ,其亲合力对成活率影响差异不显著     

Morpho-Physiological Responses of Grape Rootstock ‘Dogridge’ to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Under Salinity Stress

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alone or in combination with bacterial consortium (AMF+BC) inoculation prior to induced salinity (NaCl @ 150 or 250 mM) were studied on root growth; plant biomass; leaf area; Na⁺ and K⁺ contents; leaf water potential (Ψ_w); osmotic potential (Ψ_π); photosynthesis rate (P_n); and contents of chlorophyll, phytohormones, and polyamines in the grape rootstock ‘Dogridge’, popular among Indian vine growers. AMF inoculation in the NaCl untreated rootstocks plants increased root growth, root and shoot biomass, and leaf area and improved leaf Ψ_w, Ψ_π, P_n, and chlorophyll content, and also countered the stress-induced decline in the NaCl treated plants. The abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins, and polyamine-spermidine and spermine contents in the leaves of NaCl untreated or treated were significantly increased by the AMF inoculation. Among the treatments, AMF with BC was relatively more effective than AMF alone with respect to changes in above morpho-physiological characters. The results depicted that AMF (AMF alone or AMF+BC) inoculation significantly improved salinity tolerance of grape rootstock and tolerance is induced by improvements in plant water balance, K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, and P_n, besides distinct accumulations in ABA and polyamines-spermine and spermidine. The above findings have potential in suggesting the AMF usefulness in improving the efficacy of ‘Dogridge’ rootstock in grape cultivation under salt affected soils.     

抗青枯病番茄砧木品种宝砧6号的选育

宝砧6号是以自交系Y0609-4-6为母本,自交系T0802-7-4为父本配置而成的番茄砧木一代杂交种。该品种为无限生长型,生长旺盛,茎秆粗壮,株型紧凑,高抗青枯病;与生产上主栽品种嫁接亲和性好,对果实品质、商品性无不良影响,作砧木嫁接栽培抗青枯病和抗早衰能力效果明显,嫁接种植田后期可延长采收15~20 d,增产幅度超过15%。目前该品种已成为资源车田、永福三皇等番茄产业基地嫁接砧木的主要应用品种,推广应用面积达400 hm~2。