Effects of nanosilicon dioxide application on in vitro proliferation of apple rootstock

Although silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element of the earth's crust and in soils, it is not listed among the essential elements for plants. However, the beneficial role of Si in stimulating the growth and development of many plant species has been recognized. This study investigated the effects of in vitro application of nanosilicon oxide on growth and proliferation of apple rootstock MM₁₀₆ in tissue culture. The experiment included five levels nanosilicon oxide (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L) added to Murashige and Skoog medium. The results showed that using nanosilicon increased in fresh and dry weights, length and number of branches, and chlorophyll in explants with the highest increase being at 100 mg/L. Growth suppression occurred at 200 mg/L. This investigation showed that 100 mg/L silicon oxide can be added to Murashige and Skoog medium for fast growth and proliferation of MM₁₀₆ apple rootstock explants.     

不同施硼方式对枳橙砧木生理生化特性的影响

以枳橙砧木为试验材料,设置根施与叶施2种施硼方式,研究不同施硼方式对枳橙砧木的农艺性状、干物质积累量、不同器官各元素(B、K、Ca、Mg)含量以及叶片中糖类、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)和叶片伤害率的影响。结果表明:叶施硼显著增加枳橙幼苗茎和叶的干物质质量、总干物质质量和株高,并促进根系的生长;叶片中的B含量提高126.5%,1.3%的B在茎中转移积累,但叶施硼使枳橙根部B含量降低11.1%;叶片中K、Ca、Mg含量均显著高于对照。根施硼各元素(B、K、Ca、Mg)含量均显著高于叶施硼处理(除叶片外);叶片中糖类、MDA、Pro含量和叶片伤害率在施硼后均下降。因此,叶施硼在维持叶片各元素平衡、糖类物质合成和提高叶片抗逆性方面有较好的效果,但叶施硼会降低根系硼含量、加重根系缺硼。     

重茬土对相同砧木不同苹果品种生理指标及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】研究重茬土对相同砧木不同苹果品种幼苗的生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响,为缓解苹果重茬障碍的品种选择提供依据。【方法】以苹果常用砧木‘平邑甜茶’（M. hupehensis）为基砧,嫁接5种不同苹果品种（‘烟富3号’‘红将军’‘富士2001’‘宫崎短枝富士’（以下简称‘宫崎’）‘首富1号’）,使用重茬土进行盆栽试验,以重茬土蒸汽消毒后种植的相同幼苗为各重茬土的对照,测定苹果幼苗生长量、叶绿素含量、叶片抗氧化酶活性、叶片净光合速率（Pn）的动态变化及叶片荧光参数。【结果】重茬土对同一砧木不同苹果品种幼苗株高、径粗、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、荧光参数及叶片抗氧化酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用。与消毒土（对照）种植的植株相比,‘富士2001’‘宫崎’幼苗的生长量差异不显著,其他品种的生长量差异显著;重茬土植株超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性从7—9月均低于对照,‘富士2001’比对照分别降低了40.24%、20.96%、18.16%,与对照差距逐渐变小,‘烟富3号’‘红将军’‘宫崎’和‘首富1号’与对照相比差距较大。各品种叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着时间的推移表现为先升高后降低的趋势,8月和9月,‘富士2001’和‘宫崎’POD活性与对照差异不显著,分别比对照平均降低了3.02%和5.76%,‘烟富3号’‘红将军’和‘首富1号’从7—9月的POD活性均显著低于对照。在8月,重茬土的‘宫崎’过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性比对照高27.21%,差异显著;其他均显著低于对照。‘烟富3号’和‘红将军’的Pn从6—9月均显著低于对照,‘首富1号’5个月均显著低于对照,其他差异不显著。‘富士2001’和‘宫崎’的荧光参数与对照差异不显著;‘烟富3号’‘红将军’和‘首富1号’的非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）显著高于对照。【结论】重茬土对相同砧木不同苹果品种幼苗生理指标及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响不同,‘富士2001’‘宫崎’均能在一定程度上抵抗重茬障碍的影响,‘烟富3号’‘红将军’和‘首富1号’在保护自身方面表现较弱,受重茬障碍的影响大于‘富士2001’和‘宫崎’。在苹果老果园更新中,‘富士2001’和‘宫崎’可以作为首选苹果品种。     

不同野生茄子对紫长茄嫁接应用效果的研究

为筛选适宜海南紫长茄嫁接砧木品种,试验以长丰2号紫长茄作为接穗以及从越南和海南本地采集的7个野生茄子为砧木,进行不同砧木对茄子嫁接成活率、形态学性状、果实性状、产量以及抗病性等方面的研究。结果表明：不同砧木对茄子接穗的嫁接成活率、形态学指标、果实性状、产量和抗病性方面均存在着显著差异性;保亭7号和越南野茄作砧木表现为嫁接亲和性高、果形好、产量高、抗病性强、综合性状优,适合作为茄子嫁接砧木在海南推广应用。     

Branch cankers on citrus trees in Spain caused by Phytophthora citrophthora

Considerable losses of citrus trees have been observed in the major citrus-growing areas of Spain. Samples were collected from 132 orchards, and isolations and pathogencity tests were conducted to determine the aetiology of a serious canker disease. Affected trees showed cankers on the scion that frequently began on the branches. Three Phytophthora species were identified based on their morphological, cultural, physiological and molecular profiles. Phytophthora citrophthora was the main species associated with this new syndrome in 114 orchards. Phytophthora nicotianae (syn. P. parasitica ) was isolated from nine orchards as the sole Phytophthora species and in coinfection with P. citrophthora from another nine orchards. Phytophthora citricola was isolated only from one orchard. In stem-inoculation studies conducted under greenhouse conditions, clementine mandarin cv. Hernandina and sweet orange cv. Navel Late were more susceptible to P. citrophthora than sour orange and Carrizo citrange rootstocks. Clementine cv. Hernandina was also highly susceptible in field inoculation experiments. In agreement with field surveys, clementine mandarin cultivars were the most affected, their rootstocks remaining healthy. Phytophthora citrophthora was found to be the predominant species in orchard soils; however, P. nicotianae was also isolated. This information changes the scenario of diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. in Spain and consequently, the present knowledge of epidemiology and the effectiveness of the current control measures should be reassessed.     

Variability in infection and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene

The response of 10 commercial or experimental tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene to an initial inoculum of a Mi‐avirulent population of Meloidogyne javanica was determined in pot tests conducted in spring and summer. In a field test, the rootstocks were subjected to continuous exposure to high initial population densities (2050 ± 900 second‐stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm³ soil) of the nematode. The presence of the Mi locus in the resistant rootstocks and cultivars was confirmed using the PCR co‐dominant markers REX‐1 and Mi23. Nematode infectivity (egg masses) and reproduction (eggs g^?1 root) were highly variable in the spring tests. Rootstocks PG76, Gladiator and MKT‐410 consistently responded as highly resistant, with nematode multiplication rate (Pf/Pi) < 1 and reproduction index (RI) < 10%, and they were as efficient as standard resistant tomato cultivars at nematode suppression. The relative resistance levels of rootstocks Brigeor, 42851, 43965, Big Power and He‐Man varied depending on the susceptible standard used for reference or the duration of the test. Rootstocks Beaufort and Maxifort were susceptible to M. javanica (Pf/Pi > 50 and RI > 50%). Rootstocks PG76 and He‐Man, and the resistant tomato cv. Caramba showed high levels of resistance in the test conducted in summer, whereas MKT‐410 and 42851 and the resistant tomato cv. Monika were moderately resistant. In the field, seven rootstocks showed high levels of resistance and one (He‐Man) showed an intermediate level, whereas Beaufort and Maxifort were susceptible.     

基于系统获得性沉默的果树砧木分子育种

在果树栽培生产中嫁接是主要的繁殖方式,砧木育种是果树育种的重要内容。近些年来的研究表明,一些mRNA和小RNA能够在植物细胞间移动,并且能够穿过嫁接口在植物体内长距离运输传递。总结了能够通过嫁接长距离传递的植物内源RNA分子的种类,介绍了基因沉默原理和技术,提出了基于系统获得性沉默原理的果树砧木分子育种策略,并分析了其可能存在的问题,为进一步开展果树砧木分子育种提供思路和参考。     

用矮化中间砧苹果树建园的几点建议

利用矮化中间砧进行苹果树栽培是目前生产的方向,莲择抗逆性强的矮化砧木进行适地适栽,选用优质大苗建园,根据栽植密度、砧木类型和立地条件选择相应树形,以达到早产优质高效的栽培目标。该文针对建园中存在的主要问题,提出建议,供苹果园建园参考。     

Effect of host factors on the susceptibility of Rhododendron to Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death (SOD) in western coastal forests of the USA. In Europe, the pathogen is mainly present in the nursery industry, particularly on Rhododendron. Because of the primary role of Rhododendron as a host and potentially as a vector, the effect of Rhododendron host factors on P. ramorum susceptibility and sporulation was investigated. Inoculation methods using either wounded or non‐wounded detached leaves were applied to 59 Rhododendron cultivars and 22 botanical species, replicated in three separate years. All Rhododendron species and cultivars were susceptible when using wounded leaves, but not when using non‐wounded leaves, suggesting a resistance mechanism operating at the level of leaf penetration. Using a regression tree analysis, the cultivars and species were split into four susceptibility classes. Young leaves were more susceptible than mature leaves when wounded, but less susceptible when non‐wounded. This effect was not correlated with leaf hydrophobicity or the number of leaf hairs. The presence or the type of rootstock did not affect the cultivar susceptibility level. Sporangia and chlamydospore production in the leaf lesions varied widely among Rhododendron cultivars and was not correlated with the susceptibility level. The susceptibility to P. ramorum correlated well with the susceptibility to P. citricola and P. hedraiandra × cactorum, suggesting that the resistance mechanisms against these species are non‐specific. Susceptibility to P. kernoviae was low for most cultivars. These findings have implications for detection, spread and disease control, and are therefore important in pest risk assessment.     

超高产橡胶芽接树产排胶生理研究

本文研究了超高产橡胶芽接树PB86接穗与砧木的产、排胶生理特性。结果表明:超高产株的砧木胶乳干胶含量、总固形物含量、硫醇含量、粗蛋白含量、镁/磷比值、蔗糖含量、蔗糖转化酶活性、pH值(6.5～7.4)均显著或极显著地大于普通芽接树;而超高产株接穗胶乳的硫醇含量、粗蛋白含量、蔗糖含量、蔗糖转化酶活性、pH值等与对照株接穗胶乳之间无显著差异,无机磷含量极显著低于普通芽接树。说明超高产橡胶芽接树砧木具有高产特征,是超高产橡胶芽接树高产的成因之一。