Pathogenesis,clinical and laboratory aspects of thrombosis in cancer

The relationship between increased clotting and malignancy is well recognized, though the bidirectional development of this association is often overlooked. In the challenging cancer biology, transforming genes often act in concert with numerous epigenetic factors, including hypoxia, inflammation, contact between blood and cancer cells, and emission of procoagulant vesicles from tumors, to determine a net imbalance of the hemostatic potential which is detectable by a variety of laboratory tests. Procoagulant factors, in particular, are intimately involved in all aspects of hemostatic, cell proliferation and cellular signalling systems. However, the biggest as yet unresolved question is why cancer patients develop thrombosis? Since the thrombus itself does not apparently contributes directly to the tumor biology, enhanced hemostasis activation in cancer patients may be interpreted according to the most recent biological evidences. Coagulation and cancer biology interact bidirectionally in a “vicious cycle”, in which greater tumor burden supplies greater procoagulants (tissue factor, cancer procoagulant) and thrombin, which would in turn act as strong promoters of cancer growth and spread. In this perspective, thrombosis may be interpreted as a epiphenomenon of an intricate an effective biological feedback to maintain or promote cancer progression. In this review article, we briefly analyze the pathogenesis, laboratory, clinical and therapeutic features of cancer and thrombosis.     

肝素联合低分子肝素预防动静脉内瘘术后早期血栓形成

摘 要 目的： 研究肝素联合低分子肝素对预防动静脉内瘘（AVF）术后早期血栓形成的影响。方法: 采用前瞻性研究方法,将299例行AVF术的患者随机分为两组,对照组患者术后给予低分子肝素5 000 IU皮下注射qd×7 d;观察组术中在游离动脉端与静脉端分别推注1 500 u肝素钠,术后给予低分子肝素5 000 IU皮下注射qd×7 d。观察两组患者术后1周和4周AVF血栓形成率及药品不良反应（ADR）发生情况。结果: 术后1周,对照组和观察组的AVF血栓形成率分别为3.4%和0;术后4周分别为4.8%和0.67%,观察组均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组ADR发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,未发生严重不良反应。结论: 肝素联合低分子肝素可降低AVF术后早期血栓形成率,提高手术成功率,安全性较好。     

Imbalance of coagulation and fibrinolysis can predict vascular access failure in patients on hemodialysis after vascular access intervention

Objective

For patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, the durability of vascular access (VA) is still far from optimal, and access survival after intervention for access failure is an important aspect. Procoagulant status is a leading cause of access failure. Coagulation-fibrinolysis imbalance can occur in hemodialyzed patients, but the influence of the imbalance has not been fully elucidated.

Plasma contact factors as therapeutic targets

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are small molecule inhibitors of the coagulation proteases thrombin and factor Xa that demonstrate comparable efficacy to warfarin for several common indications, while causing less serious bleeding. However, because their targets are required for the normal host-response to bleeding (hemostasis), DOACs are associated with therapy-induced bleeding that limits their use in certain patient populations and clinical situations. The plasma contact factors (factor XII, factor XI, and prekallikrein) initiate blood coagulation in the activated partial thromboplastin time assay. While serving limited roles in hemostasis, pre-clinical and epidemiologic data indicate that these proteins contribute to pathologic coagulation. It is anticipated that drugs targeting the contact factors will reduce risk of thrombosis with minimal impact on hemostasis. Here, we discuss the biochemistry of contact activation, the contributions of contact factors in thrombosis, and novel antithrombotic agents targeting contact factors that are undergoing pre-clinical and early clinical testing.     

脑血栓片治疗脑梗死的疗效分析

脑梗塞是常见缺血性脑血管疾病,发病率逐年增高,其致死率、致残率高的特性严重危害着患者身体健康及生活质量。近年已成为医学和社会重点关注的课题,如何进一步提高对脑梗塞的治疗效果,降低致残率,提高患者的生活质量同时做好二级预防,降低复发率,是我们目前需要解决的一个重要问题。各种围绕治疗卒中的药物有很多,具体疗效各有不同,我们对脑血栓片治疗脑梗塞的疗效进行了观察。     

GLICOPROTEIN (GP) IIb/IIIa INHIBITORS FOR ACUTE STROKE TREATMENT

The benefit of antiplatelet therapy remains unclear, although it does appear that aspirin monotherapy started within 48 hours of stroke onset may result in a modest clinical improvement. Glicoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists are currently considered the most powerful specific inhibitors of platelet activation in acute thrombosis. Glicoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy could merit a prominent role also in the initial management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Abciximab may be promising in this setting and should be evaluated in further clinical trials.     

A study of the effect of sulphinpyrazone (‘Antman’) on blood viscosity

Summary

A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study oj the effect of sulphinpyrazone on blood viscosity and its determinants (haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen and plasma viscosity) was carried out in 7 healthy male volunteers. Apart from a transient rise in fibrinogen (p<0.05) after 3 days of sulphinpyrazone treatment, no significant change in viscosity factors was seen over a 14-day period.     

超声在肠系膜上静脉血栓治疗过程中的应用价值

目的:在肠系膜上静脉血栓治疗过程中,超声用于评价疗效和指导治疗的价值。方法:肠系膜上静脉血栓住院治疗的8例患者,超声连续观察肠系膜上静脉内径,血栓回声;肠系膜上动脉血流速度及阻力指数;水肿肠管的长度,肠壁厚度;周围小血管情况;腹腔积液的量等指标,评价治疗效果,指导临床。结果:8例肠系膜上静脉血栓的患者,根据临床资料,结合超声指征,3例手术治疗,其中1例术后第2天死亡,其余术后症状明显缓解,超声呈逐渐恢复表现。5例保守治疗,超声征象改善,症状逐步缓解,出院。结论:超声实时、动态观察肠系膜上静脉血栓治疗中的声像图变化,及时评价治疗效果,为临床提供直接证据,指导治疗。