The difficult balance between thrombosis and bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A translational review

The difficult balance between thrombosis and bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

     

临床药师在导管接触性溶栓联合抗凝治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓的用药分析与药学监护中的作用

目的 探讨临床药师在急性下肢深静脉血栓患者个体化治疗中的作用。 方法 对南京鼓楼医院血管外科2018年8月收治的8例急性下肢深静脉血栓患者的治疗过程进行分析，结合临床药学知识制定导管接触性溶栓及抗凝用药方案，对患者实施全程药学监护。 结果 溶栓治疗期间，患者血浆纤维蛋白原水平呈明显下降趋势，血浆D-二聚体水平呈先升高后降低的趋势，血小板未见明显下降趋势；8例患者在溶栓治疗过程中，2例出现轻微牙龈出血后自行止血，1例出现血尿，停止溶栓治疗后改为口服抗凝药，血尿现象消失。患者预后改善明显，血栓完全溶解，静脉恢复畅通，用药安全得到有效保障。 结论 临床药师在导管接触性溶栓联合抗凝治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓患者的个体化用药监护方面发挥了积极作用。     

新型生物可降解腔静脉滤器的设计研究

目的为了弥补目前临床应用中腔静脉滤器的缺陷,本研究设计了一款新型生物可降解型腔静脉滤器,在肺栓塞危险期度过后,滤器可缓慢的降解、吸收,避免了二次取出手术。方法该款滤器由手工制作,分为上下2部分:上方是由6条聚糖乳酸缝线组成的圆锥形过滤结构;下方是聚己内酯支架,支架展开后实现滤器在腔静脉的中央型固定。在超声引导下,将滤器植入到10只犬体内。术后6周手术取出滤器,下腔静脉和肺组织行病理学检查,观察滤器的降解情况、下腔静脉壁的改变以及滤器的降解产物是否导致医源性肺栓塞。结果本研究手工制作了生物可降解滤器,并成功的植入到10只杂交犬的下腔静脉。术后所有犬均正常存活,未发生异常生命体征及伤口感染,有1例犬出现双下肢肿胀。1滤器移位:所有滤器不同程度的向头端移位。有1例犬的植入滤器移位至右房室孔,剩余的9例,滤器移位小于2 cm,仍位于肾静脉以下。2标本肉眼所见:所有的可降解支架被下腔静脉内皮细胞覆盖,肉眼未见明显的变化。滤器植入处下腔静脉壁增厚,但未出现明显狭窄。8例犬可见可吸收缝线完全降解,1例犬出现可吸收缝线被下腔静脉壁包裹,管腔内可见增生的纤维结缔组织和少量炎性细胞浸润,导致约70%的管腔阻塞。3标本HE染色:9例犬下腔静脉均存在炎性反应,中膜和内膜增厚,肺组织切片未见到降解产物所致的肺动脉栓塞和肺动脉壁的炎性反应。结论本研究成功设计了一款生物可降解腔静脉滤器,并通过动物体内实验证实这款滤器具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性。     

Pattern of Venous Thrombosis in Cancer Patients: Frequency and Survival Effect; Single Center Experience

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. This investigation was undertaken to investigate the natural history of VTE in the oncology center in a tertiary care hospital. We did a retrospective study on cancer patients who presented to King Abdullah Medical city in Holly capital; a tertiary care hospital; from May 2011 to June 2013. Follow up period was calculated from time of VTE diagnosis till the last clinical visit or till patient death. Among 1,678 cancer patients, 132 (7.87 %) were diagnosed with VTE. The median patient age was 53.5 years, with female to male ratio 1.3/1. Thirty one patients (23.5 %) were diagnosed with VTE and cancer simultaneously, seventy four patients (56.1 %) were on chemotherapy and twenty eight patients (21.2 %) were on best supportive care.VTE were symptomatic in 110 patients (83.3 %) and asymptomatic in 22 patients (16.7 %). Lower limbs were the commonest site (42.4 %) with the highest incidence in patients with advanced stages (93 %). Forty nine (37 %) patients were receiving LMWH as prophylaxis. Median survival in months for patients with VTE prophylaxis versus without prophylactic, and asymptomatic versus symptomatic were (12.6 vs 6.3; p 0.12 and 9.8 vs 12.4; p 0.885, respectively). There is underutilization of thromboprophylaxis in our region, which needs more effort to reduce VTE burden. Also we need large prospective studies to clarify the impact of VTE symptoms and presentation on patient’s survival.     

Population pharmacokinetics of edoxaban in patients with symptomatic deep‐vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism—the Hokusai‐VTE phase 3 study

AimsThis study characterized the population pharmacokinetics of edoxaban in patients with symptomatic deep‐vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism in the Hokusai‐VTE phase 3 study. The impact of the protocol‐specified 50% dose reductions applied to patients with body weight ≤ 60 kg, creatinine clearance (CL_cr) of 30 to 50 ml min^–1 or concomitant P‐glycoprotein inhibitor on edoxaban exposure was assessed using simulations.MethodsThe sparse data from Hokusai‐VTE, 9531 concentrations collected from 3707 patients, were pooled with data from 13 phase 1 studies. In the analysis, the covariate relationships used for dose reductions were estimated and differences between healthy subjects and patients as well as additional covariate effects of age, race and gender were explored based on statistical and clinical significance.ResultsA linear two‐compartment model with first order absorption preceded by a lag time best described the data. Allometrically scaled body weight was included on disposition parameters. Apparent clearance was parameterized as non‐renal and renal. The latter increased non‐linearly with increasing CL_cr. Compared with healthy volunteers, inter‐compartmental clearance and the CL_cr covariate effect were different in patients (+64.6% and +274%). Asian patients had a 22.6% increased apparent central volume of distribution. The effect of co‐administration of P‐glycoprotein inhibitors seen in phase 1 could not be confirmed in the phase 3 data. Model‐based simulations revealed lower exposure in dose‐reduced compared with non‐dose‐reduced patients.ConclusionsThe adopted dose‐reduction strategy resulted in reduced exposure compared with non‐dose‐reduced, thereby overcompensating for covariate effects. The clinical impact of these differences on safety and efficacy remains to be evaluated.     

Pregnancy and delivery in women with esophageal varices due to hepatic vein thrombosis

Aim: Retrospective analysis of the course of pregnancy, labor and mode of anesthesia in women with portal hypertension and esophageal varices induced by portal vein thrombosis.

Material: From 2000 to 2012 seven pregnant were admitted. None had liver transplantation (Ltx), the varicose have been in the 1st stage. Each of them has been consulted by the obstetrician, transplant surgeon and anesthetist. The patient condition during pregnancy, labor and postpartum period was analyzed.

Results: Pregnancy in five cases proceeded physiologically. In one threatening miscarriage was diagnosed and treated with gestagens, two patients had tocolytic. One required variceal banding twice. In three thrombocytopenia worsened, with platelet count Conclusion: Patients with portal hypertension can deliver at term. It is a high-risk pregnancy. In this group it is desirable to shorten the second stage of labor or complete it by c-section under general anesthesia with remifentanyl which allows getting desired analgesia without complications in the newborn. Surveillance of pregnant with portal hypertension must include monitoring of liver function and coagulation disorders.