SARS-CoV-2 infection and venous thromboembolism after surgery: an international prospective cohort study

SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with an increased rate of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. Since surgical patients are already at higher risk of venous thromboembolism than general populations, this study aimed to determine if patients with peri-operative or prior SARS-CoV-2 were at further increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We conducted a planned sub-study and analysis from an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study of elective and emergency patients undergoing surgery during October 2020. Patients from all surgical specialties were included. The primary outcome measure was venous thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis) within 30 days of surgery. SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was defined as peri-operative (7 days before to 30 days after surgery); recent (1–6 weeks before surgery); previous (≥7 weeks before surgery); or none. Information on prophylaxis regimens or pre-operative anti-coagulation for baseline comorbidities was not available. Postoperative venous thromboembolism rate was 0.5% (666/123,591) in patients without SARS-CoV-2; 2.2% (50/2317) in patients with peri-operative SARS-CoV-2; 1.6% (15/953) in patients with recent SARS-CoV-2; and 1.0% (11/1148) in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with peri-operative (adjusted odds ratio 1.5 (95%CI 1.1–2.0)) and recent SARS-CoV-2 (1.9 (95%CI 1.2–3.3)) remained at higher risk of venous thromboembolism, with a borderline finding in previous SARS-CoV-2 (1.7 (95%CI 0.9–3.0)). Overall, venous thromboembolism was independently associated with 30-day mortality (5.4 (95%CI 4.3–6.7)). In patients with SARS-CoV-2, mortality without venous thromboembolism was 7.4% (319/4342) and with venous thromboembolism was 40.8% (31/76). Patients undergoing surgery with peri-operative or recent SARS-CoV-2 appear to be at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism compared with patients with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment are unknown in this cohort of patients, and these data should be interpreted accordingly.     

以深静脉血栓为首发表现的非霍奇金淋巴瘤二例并文献复习

 目的 提高对非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）伴深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的认识,减少临床漏诊、误诊,增加预防意识。方法 通过二例病例并结合文献复习,对该病的发生率、发病机制、治疗以及预防进行讨论和分析。结果 二例NHL均以下肢浮肿为首发症状,经淋巴结病理确诊为滤泡型淋巴瘤（B细胞来源）,Ann Arbor分期为Ⅳb;超声确诊静脉栓塞（DVT）。接受化疗及抗凝的组合疗法后,1例获得完全缓解（CR）,1例部分缓解（PR）,DVT均消失。结论 DVT可为NHL的首发表现,并可出现于淋巴结肿大前数月,而且NHL伴DVT形成的发生率较低,临床上极易漏诊、误诊。发病机制尚不明确。治疗方法主要为化疗的同时加用抗凝治疗。     

Extended thromboprophylaxis in the acutely ill medical patient after hospitalization – a paradigm shift in post-discharge thromboprophylaxis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant healthcare burden with approximately 900,000 events annually in the United States, over half of which are healthcare-associated. This number is anticipated to double by 2050. Group prophylaxis strategies confined to the inpatient setting appear to have minimal impact on the reduction of post-discharge VTE in medically ill patients due to shortened lengths of stay and a heterogenous population that includes patients at low risk for VTE. In accordance with current guideline recommendations, very few (<5%) medically ill patients are discharged with extended prophylaxis, which potentially creates a clinical gap for at-risk patients as VTE risk has been shown to persist for up to 90 days. Initial studies of extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with enoxaparin, rivaroxaban and apixaban showed little to no benefit towards VTE reduction that was consistently outweighed by increased bleeding. The more recent APEX study that compared betrixaban to enoxaparin in an enriched patient population at high-risk for VTE was the first study of extended thromboprophylaxis that showed similar efficacy in VTE prevention without an increase in major bleeding. Based on the APEX results, betrixaban recently gained FDA approval for extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. Recognition that up to half of medically ill patients are not at sufficient risk to warrant thromboprophylaxis has driven extensive research towards development of scientifically derived and validated VTE risk assessment models intended to identify patients who do not warrant prophylaxis, as well as those at high risk who may derive benefit from extended thromboprophylaxis. This article will review prior and ongoing extended thromboprophylaxis studies, VTE and bleed risk assessment models, incorporation of biomarkers in VTE risk assessment and key issues in the paradigm shift towards individualized VTE prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients.     

hs-CRP联合D-二聚体对急性心梗PCI术后亚急性支架内 血栓形成的预测价值

摘要：目的 探究超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）和D二聚体（D-dimer）联合预测急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者经皮冠状 动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后发生亚急性支架内血栓形成（SST）的价值。方法 分析自2012年1月—2018年1月收治的 因AMI接受PCI治疗的9 261例患者,其中术后发生SST的72例（0.78%）患者为SST组,根据年龄、性别比例在术后未 发生SST的患者中抽取210例作为对照组。对比2组患者冠心病危险因素（性别、年龄、体质量指数等）、临床资料［收 缩压、舒张压、磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）等］、冠脉造影结果情况（病变血管、支架贴壁不良等）。 将上述资料统计学分析时P < 0.1的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。将hs-CRP和D-dimer进行ROC曲线分析, 评估两者联合对SST的预测价值。结果 SST组患者术后D-dimer、hs-CRP和Glu水平、支架贴壁不良例数、支架置 入数目均高于对照组,左室射血分数（LVEF）低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显 示 D-dimer 升高、hs-CRP 升高、血糖升高、支架贴壁不良是 SST 的独立危险因素,LVEF＞0.50 是 SST 的保护因素。 hs-CRP和D-dimer的联合指标hs-CRP-D-dimer在ROC曲线下面积为0.875,对SST的最佳cutoff值为14.28,其敏感 度为 77.8%,特异度为 80.5%。结论 D-dimer、hs-CRP 和血糖升高、支架贴壁不良是影响 SST 的独立危险因素, LVEF>0.50是SST的保护性因素。hs-CRP和D-dimer联合是预测AMI患者PCI术后发生SST的理想指标,值得临床 推广应用。     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1启动子基因多态性与静脉血栓栓塞症的相关性研究

目的：探讨中国汉族人群纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂PAI-1启动子4G/5G基因多态性与静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）发病的相关性。方法：采用病例-对照研究,收集南京鼓楼医院2016年1月～2018年3月VTE患者160例及正常人群160例,应用聚合酶链反应测定PAI-1启动子区域的4G/5G的多态性。结果：PAI-1基因4G/5G三种基因型4G/4G型、4G/5G型、5G/5G型在VTE组的分布频率为42.50%、35.00%、22.50%,对照组分布频率为17.50%、43.12%、39.38%,VTE组与对照组4G/4G基因型分布差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;通过非条件Logistic回归模型校正后,PAI-1 4G/4G基因型（OR=3.398,95% CI=2.025～5.702,P=0.000）、吸烟（OR=1.447,95% CI=1.022～2.049,P=0.037）是VTE的独立危险因素。结论：VTE组PAI-1 4G/4G基因型频率较正常人群高,证实了4G/4G基因型与静脉血栓栓塞发病有相关性,且为独立危险因素。     

抗凝与促凝药物交替应用治疗血栓合并出血患者1例分析

摘 要1例72岁女性患者,因“ 慢性咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难10年,加重伴间断发热1个月”入院,诊断为慢性支气管炎急性发作,慢性肺源性心脏病,心功能Ⅳ级,双下肢静脉血栓,血小板减少。患者在治疗中需要权衡抗凝药物与促凝药物的应用,在制定方案时利用房颤出血评分系统结合患者临床实际进行出血风险的评估,同时考虑药物之间的相互作用可能对患者产生的危害和用缜密的临床思维来评估患者的预后,减少了患者用药风险。     

外周血D-二聚体水平对妊娠期和产褥早期女性发生血栓栓塞性疾病的影响

目的探讨外周血D-二聚体(D-D)对妊娠期和产褥早期女性发生血栓栓塞性疾病的影响,并分析两个时期外周血D-D水平的变化趋势。方法选取2015年1月-2016年7月在上海市嘉定区妇幼保健院足月分娩的健康单胎孕妇4 000例,产后发生下肢静脉血栓栓塞或肠系膜静脉血栓栓塞产妇2例。将正常孕产妇根据孕周分为:早孕组(<12周)、中孕组(12~28周)、晚孕组(>28周)、产褥期A组(≤24 h)、产褥期B组(25~48 h),每组各800例,检测各组血浆D-D、D-D 95%CI的水平。结果外周血D-D与孕程相关:中孕组、晚孕组和产褥期各组女性外周血D-D水平均高于早孕组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);产褥期B组D-D水平下降,显著低于晚孕组及产褥期A组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。外周血D-D与分娩方式相关:产褥期A组和B组中阴道分娩者外周血D-D水平低于剖宫产分娩者,产褥期A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。外周血D-D水平与血栓栓塞疾病相关:栓塞组的外周血D-D水平显著高于健康女性,产褥期A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论外周血D-D水平不具有稳定性,临床上不宜作为筛查血栓栓塞性疾病的指标。