Overdose Risk with Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain

ABSTRACT

Timely and important studies are reviewed and commentaries provided by leading palliative care clinicians. Clinical scenarios, symptoms, interventions, and treatment-related adverse events addressed in this issue are overdose risk with opioids in chronic pain; pain in the primary care setting; methadone products and risk of QT prolongation; zolendronic acid and circulating cancer cells; statins and deep venous thrombosis; and treatment for cancer-associated anorexia-cachexia syndrome.     

术中护理对髋关节置换手术患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的：探讨术中护理对髋关节置换手术患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响。方法选择2013年6月~2014年12月湖北省鄂州市中心医院收治的157例髋关节置换手术患者,按住院号单双分为观察组83例,对照组74例。对照组采用常规术中护理,观察组采用改进术中护理。比较两组手术前后血液流变学和凝血功能变化及下肢深静脉血栓形成情况。结果观察组出血量、术中输血量明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后1 d全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数均明显低于术前1 d和对照组(P<0.05),凝血酶原时间、纤维蛋白原略低于术前1 d和对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P跃0.05);对照组术后1 d全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数、凝血酶原时间、纤维蛋白原与术前1 d比较差异无统计学意义(P跃0.05)。观察组术后2例(2.41%)发生下肢深静血栓,对照组8例(10.81%)发生下肢静脉血栓,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论改进术中护理提高手术室护理质量可有效改善髋关节置换患者血液高凝状态,降低术后下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率。     

CT血管成像在肠系膜上静脉血栓形成诊断中的应用

目的分析研究CT血管成像在肠系膜上静脉血栓形成诊断中的应用。方法选取我院收治的40例最终诊断为肠系膜上静脉血栓的患者作为此次的研究对象,将其随机分为观察组与对照组,每组20例患者。观察组患者给予CT血管成像技术进行诊断检查;对照组患者给予磁共振成像技术进行诊断检查。对比两组患者的诊断准确率以及检查满意度。结果观察组患者的诊断准确率为95.00%,检查满意度为95.00%,对照组患者的诊断准确率为65.00%,检查满意度为60.00%,组间比较,差异显著,且P0.05,具有统计学意义。结论 CT血管成像能够清楚的显示患者肠系膜上的动脉夹层情况,对于肠系膜上静脉血栓的诊断有极高的确诊率。     

颅内静脉窦血栓误诊及影像学分析

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓病因、误诊情况、影像学表现及治疗方法。方法总结12例颅内静脉窦血栓的病因、临床资料、辅助检查、治疗及预后。结果本病多因头面部软组织及骨质感染、脱水、妊娠及产褥期等所致；临床上除高颅压、癫痈、意识精神障碍全脑症状外，根据静脉窦阻塞部位不同表现各异；影像学检查有其特征性改变。结论本病并不少见，早期容易漏诊误治，颅脑MRI＋MRV检查优于CT及DSA，抗凝及抗炎治疗效果较好，早期颈静脉插管介入治疗方法最好。     

Use of single-slice thick slab phase-contrast angiography for the diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of single-slice phase-contrast angiography (SSPCA) as a rapid technique for the investigation of suspected dural venous sinus occlusion. Images were obtained on 25 normal volunteers to document the accuracy of SSPCA in the demonstration of slow flow states. Normal volunteers were imaged using sagittal and coronal SSPCA (slice thickness 13 cm, matrix 256 × 256, TR 14 ms, TE 7 ms, flip angle 20 °, peak velocity encoding rate 30 cm/s). Sinus patency and flow rate were confirmed by measurement of flow in the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses using quantified single-slice phase difference images. Imaging was performed in 50 patients undergoing routine brain scans in order to determine the optimal slice orientation for clinical use. Twenty-one patients with suspected dural venous sinus thrombosis were also investigated with SSPCA and the diagnosis confirmed by one or more alternative imaging techniques. Imaging time was 29 s per acquisition and image quality was good in all cases. Variations in dural sinus patency and flow in normal volunteers were accurately predicted by SSPCA (kappa = 0.92). Use of a single angulated slice (130 mm thick, para-sagittal image angled 30 ° towards coronal and 30 ° towards transverse) provided sufficient separation of right- and left-sided venous structures to allow use of a single projection. The presence and extent of sinus occlusions in 14 patients and the absence of thrombosis in 7 were accurately identified by SSPCA. Sensitivity and specificity in this limited study were both 100 %. The SSPCA technique takes less than 30 s and provides a reliable and rapid technique for the diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis. Received: 10 July 1998; Revision received: 16 November 1998; Accepted: 11 January 1999     

骨科住院患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素及相关性分析

目的探讨骨科住院患者下肢深静脉血栓形成(lower extremity deep vein thrombosis,LD-VT)的危险因素。方法2003年8月~2006年8月收治的350例骨科住院患者中,确诊为LDVT者38例,对其相关因素进行回顾性分析。结果27项单因素相关分析中有9项有显著性意义,经Logis-tic回归分析显示,危险因素为:血浆D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、血管性血友病因子阳性,4周内有手术史以及有外伤史。结论对上述危险因素存在的骨科住院患者,应警惕LDVT发生,如有D-二聚体测定阳性等危险因素应予预防性治疗。     

Venous thromboembolism during combat operations: a 10-y review

Background

This article examines the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in combat wounded, identifies risk factors for pulmonary embolism (PE), and compares the rate of PE in combat with previously reported civilian data.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all U.S. military combat casualties in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom with a VTE recorded in the Department of Defense Trauma Registry from September 2001 to July 2011. The Military Amputation Database of all U.S. military amputations during the same 10-y period was also reviewed. Demographic data, injury characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated.

Results

Among 26,634 subjects, 587 (2.2%) had a VTE. This number included 270 subjects (1.0%) with deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 223 (0.8%) with PE, and 94 (0.4%) with both DVT and PE. Lower extremity amputation was independently associated with PE (odds ratio [OR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–2.69). A total of 1003 subjects suffered a lower extremity amputation, with 174 (17%) having a VTE. Of these, 75 subjects (7.5%) were having DVT, 70 (7.0%) were having PE, and 29 (2.9%) were found to have both a DVT and a PE. Risk factors found to be independently associated with VTE in amputees were multiple amputations (OR, 2; 95% CI, 1.35–3.42) and above the knee amputation (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.3–3.32).

Conclusions

Combat wounded are at a high risk for thromboembolic complications with the highest risk associated with multiple or above the knee amputations.     

髋膝关节置换围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成与 D-二聚体及抗凝药的关系

目的：探索髋膝关节置换围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成与 D-二聚体升高关系及使用不同抗凝药的有效性和安全性评估。方法前瞻性分析70例行髋膝关节置换的患者,根据术后双下肢彩色多普勒超声结果,分为血栓组（11例）和非血栓组（59例）,记录两组在术前及术后D-二聚体浓度并进行统计分析。同时按照使用抗凝药不同分为低分子肝素（速碧林）预防组和利伐沙班预防组,记录并比较二者DVT发生率和术后伤口引流量关系。结果血栓组术前D-二聚体浓度与非血栓组术前D-二聚体的浓度相比较有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,血栓组较非血栓组增高。血栓组与非血栓组术后第7天的D-二聚体浓度比较则无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,血栓组与非血栓组各自组内比较,术后与术前的D-二聚体浓度比较均有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,术后浓度较术前均有增高。在使用抗凝药物情况下DVT的发病率为15.71％,利伐沙班与低分子肝素（速碧林）干预后DVT发生的情况无显著性差异（ P＞0.05）。术后伤口引流量无统计学差异（ P＞0.05）。结论研究发现D-二聚体对DVT预测不是特异性指标;髋膝关节置换术后使用抗凝药物情况下 DVT发生情况明显下降,利伐沙班与低分子肝素对于预防DVT作用上无显著性差异。     

骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症的影响因素分析

目的探讨烟威地区骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症的影响因素。方法取山东省文登整骨医院2012年1月至2016年12月骨科收治的31 652例骨创伤住院患者作为研究对象(烟威地区),采用彩色多普勒超声或静脉造影进行检查,最终确诊1 424例并发静脉血栓栓塞症患者。回顾性分析入组患者基本资料,包括性别、年龄、既往病史、吸烟史、骨创伤部位、深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)好发部位、伴随疾病等进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,分析骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症的影响因素。结果 31 652例骨创伤住院患者中,1 424例确诊为并发静脉血栓栓塞症,发生率为4.50%。其中,DVT 1 304例,发生率为4.12%,肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)237例,发生率为0.74%。单因素及多因素Logistic分析结果显示:骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症发生率与年龄、是否需要长期制动、骨创伤部位、糖尿病、D-二聚体水平、简明损伤分级(abbreviated injury scale,AIS)及创伤严重程度评分(injury severity scale,ISS)具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症发生率与年龄、是否需要长期制动、骨创伤部位、糖尿病及D-二聚体水平、AIS分级及ISS评分关系密切。