构造旋回与大地构造年表

构造旋回的划分是大地构造研究的基础之一。但板块学说兴起以来,一些学者基于均变论的哲学思想,却试图抛弃构造旋回的概念。然而,随着时间的推移,地球系统科学的提出,大规模、多学科地学观测,人们已认识到突变与灾变的重要性,认识到渐变与突变相结合的螺旋式向前发展的旋回演化论,才是更全面、更深刻地认识地质规律的有力武器。在大地构造研究中,一些学者常用地层年表,而不用构造旋回。然而,以生物地层学为主要依据的显生宙地层年表与构造旋回和构造岩浆事件并不完全耦合。这是因为,地层年表是在研究地球表生作用,即岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈之间相互作用的基础上建立的;而构造旋回则是地球内生作用,即壳、幔、核以及壳、幔、核不同层次间多层圈相互作用的历史记录。一些学者在研究大地构造时,只用同位素年龄表示的构造事件,不使用构造旋回。然而,"事件"只是单个现象的呈现,只是构造发展的片段,旋回则阐明过程,反映事物发展中各"事件"(片段)之间的内在联系,反映事物演化的本质。事实上,威尔逊旋回的建立,已为构造旋回和构造事件之间的联系赋予了全新的科学内涵,这也是地质科学发展过程中,正确处理继承与创新关系的一个光辉范例。一些学者由于对全球造山运动是否是同时性的质疑,认为建立全球统一构造年表是不可能的,也是不必要的。可是,地球作为一个整体,其动态活动应该基本上同时的,在受同一地球动力系统控制的一个大区域内,构造运动在各地虽然不是完全同时,但却大致是同时的。北美、欧洲、亚洲加里东、华力西旋回的各次构造运动基本上可以互相对比,就是证明。既然如此,我们就可以按照优先原则,将早古生代的构造旋回称为加里东旋回,将晚古生代的构造旋回称为华力西(海西)旋回。超大陆和超大陆旋回的提出,深化了构造旋回的研究,同时也为建立构造年表开辟了道路。目前已初步提出古元古代哥伦比亚、中元古代罗丁尼亚、新元古代冈瓦纳和显生宙潘吉亚等几个超大陆旋回,这样,我们便可以用超大陆旋回作为构造年表中最大一级的时间单位,每个超大陆旋回又可进一步分为几个旋回,如潘吉亚旋回可分为加里东、华力西两个旋回。我们相信,随着地质学、地球化学、地球物理学研究的深入,随着对固体地球系统和全球地质构造更加深入、全面、系统的观测研究,不久的将来我们将会像建立显生宙地层年表一样,建立起大区域以至全球的构造年表。     

云南峨山地区东川群黑山组流纹质碎斑熔岩锆石U－Pb年龄及其地质意义

滇中地区中元古界"昆阳群"、"东川群"的地层层序是长期争议的重大基础地质问题。本次在峨山地区东川群黑山组中发育的厚近5m厚的流纹质碎斑熔岩采集样品D0023一件,选出120余粒锆石,获得的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb加权平均年龄为(1569. 2±4. 5) Ma。样品锆石的Th/U值均大于0. 5,具有清晰的振荡环带结构,均为岩浆成因的锆石,表明东川群黑山组形成于中元古代早期,属非造山相关的火山岩系,可能是哥伦比亚超大陆裂解作用在扬子陆块的响应,为东川群的地层时代和层序研究增添了新资料。     

Detrital zircon geochronology of the Lützow-Holm Complex,East Antarctica: Implications for Antarctica–Sri Lanka correlation

The Lützow-Holm Complex (LHC) of East Antarctica has been regarded as a collage of Neoarchean (ca. 2.5 Ga), Paleoproterozoic (ca. 1.8 Ga), and Neoproterozoic (ca. 1.0 Ga) magmatic arcs which were amalgamated through the latest Neoproterozoic collisional events during the assembly of Gondwana supercontinent. Here, we report new geochronological data on detrital zircons in metasediments associated with the magmatic rocks from the LHC, and compare the age spectra with those in the adjacent terranes for evaluating the tectonic correlation of East Antarctica and Sri Lanka. Cores of detrital zircon grains with high Th/U ratio in eight metasediment samples can be subdivided into two dominant groups: (1) late Meso- to Neoproterozoic (1.1–0.63 Ga) zircons from the northeastern part of the LHC in Prince Olav Coast and northern Sôya Coast areas, and (2) dominantly Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (2.8–2.4 Ga) zircons from the southwestern part of the LHC in southern Lützow-Holm Bay area. The ca. 1.0 Ga and ca. 2.5 Ga magmatic suites in the LHC could be proximal provenances of the detrital zircons in the northeastern and southwestern LHC, respectively. Subordinate middle to late Mesoproterozoic (1.3–1.2 Ga) detrital zircons obtained from Akarui Point and Langhovde could have been derived from adjacent Gondwana fragments (e.g., Rayner Complex, Eastern Ghats Belt). Meso- to Neoproterozoic domains such as Vijayan and Wanni Complexes of Sri Lanka, the southern Madurai Block of southern India, and the central-western Madagascar could be alternative distal sources of the late Meso- to Neoproterozoic zircons. Paleo- to Mesoarchean domains in India, Africa, and Antarctica might also be distal sources for the minor ∼2.8 Ga detrital zircons from Skallevikshalsen. The detrital zircons from the Highland Complex of Sri Lanka show similar Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.5 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (ca. 1.0 Ga) ages, which are comparable with those of the LHC, suggesting that the two complexes might have formed under similar tectonic regimes. We consider that the Highland Complex and metasedimentary unit of the LHC formed a unified latest Neoproterozoic suture zone with a large block of northern LH–Vijayan Complex caught up as remnant of the ca. 1.0 Ga magmatic arc.     

华北克拉通中元古界底界年龄与盆地性质讨论

国际地层委员会将中元古界底界界线年龄定为1600Ma,1600~1400Ma为Calymmian(盖层系),表示全球地台盖层形成时期。华北地台基底固结时间为1800Ma,固结后即进入伸展裂解作用时期,首先是山西吕梁山区、晋南中条山、豫西熊耳山区裂解发展成三叉裂陷槽(Aulacogen)。吕梁山区小两岭组火山岩形成年龄有1778±20Ma(SHRIMP U-Pb锆石)及1779±20Ma(LA-ICP-MS U-Pb锆石)两个数值;豫西熊耳群顶部马家河组和中部鸡蛋坪组及下部许山组火山岩年龄分别为1776±20Ma、1791±20Ma和1783±13Ma(SHRIMP U-Pb锆石),1776~1800Ma为火山岩的形成年龄;将1800Ma作为小两岭组与熊耳群两个火山岩组的底界年龄应当是合理的。吕梁山区的汉高山群为碎屑岩夹火山岩,代表吕梁-陕豫三叉裂陷槽北支中的快速充填,与小两岭组为同时期沉积。汉高山群、大古石组(熊耳群底部沉积岩)为1800Ma裂解开始的盖层沉积,小两岭组火山岩、相关的辉绿岩墙及熊耳群火山岩均为裂解时期的岩浆作用产物。北京密云环斑花岗岩侵位时间为1700Ma,代表燕山-太行山裂陷槽裂解的起始时间也即燕山地区长城系常州沟组底界年龄。北京密云地区环斑花岗岩风化壳上覆常州沟组年龄可确定为1650Ma,它不应被看作常州沟组最低层位的年龄,而是裂陷槽裂解后密云地区开始接受沉积的年龄,1700Ma、1650Ma代表常州沟组在不同地区的底界年龄,但均不等于长城系或中元古界的底界年龄。1600Ma为高于庄组底界年龄,即长城系与蓟县系的界线年龄,也是国际地层委员会中元古界的底界年龄。1600Ma代表燕山-太行山裂陷槽闭合的年龄,也是华北地台始自1800Ma伸展裂解作用的最终结束时期。1600Ma是新的陆表海盆地发展的起始时间,是重要的华北地台构造转换的时期。因此,1800与1600Ma代表华北地台重大地质构造事件的年龄,具大区域构造意义,依据对前寒武系界线年龄确定的原则,两个年龄值均可被选择为中元古界底界的界线年龄。但本文赞同中国全国地层委员会采用1800Ma作为中元古界的底界年龄,因其更符合中国的地质构造实际:华北地台裂解-克拉通内裂陷槽中的盖层充填,底界为1800Ma。华北地台中元古界盆地在不同时期,它的构造性质完全不同:1800~1600Ma为裂陷槽;1600~1400Ma发展成陆表海;1400~1300Ma转化为弧后盆地;1800Ma、1600Ma及1400Ma代表中元古代三个重要的区域构造转换的时间点。     

青海都兰地区前泥盆纪古陆块的物质组成和重大地质事件

通过对青海都兰地区前泥盆纪地块的地质、地球化学和同位素年代学研究,将其由北向南划分为欧龙布鲁克微陆块、沙柳河超高压碰撞带和柴达木陆块三个构造单元.基本查明了欧龙布鲁克古陆块主要由德令哈片麻岩、莫河片麻岩、达肯大坂岩群、万洞沟群和全吉群组成,柴达木盆地北缘高压碰撞带主要为中新元古代沙柳河岩群、花岗闪长质片麻岩、英云闪长质片麻岩、钾长花岗片麻岩、榴辉岩、滩间山群和蛇绿岩,柴达木古陆块主要由古元古代金水口岩群和夕线堇青花岗片麻岩组成.详细厘定了本区前泥盆纪重要地质事件,特别是与Rodinia超大陆有关的汇聚与裂解事件.同时,利用先进的同位素地质年代学手段,确定了本区重要地质事件的地质时代和序列,为研究我国中-新元古代古陆块汇聚与裂解关系,以及它们在整个超大陆中的位置提供了证据.     

柴北缘欧龙布鲁克地块中元古代晚期麻粒岩相变质作用——来自石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩的岩石学、相平衡模拟和U-Pb年代学的制约

在欧龙布鲁克地块乌兰北部地区察汗河岩群中识别出麻粒岩相石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩,其矿物组合为石榴子石、夕线石、堇青石、黑云母、斜长石、钛铁矿和少量钾长石等。岩相学观察显示,M1阶段矿物组合有斜长石±钾长石+石榴子石+夕线石+石英,M2阶段矿物组合有斜长石±钾长石+石榴子石+夕线石+石英+钛铁矿+黑云母,M3阶段矿物组合有堇青石+黑云母+钛铁矿+石英+石榴子石+斜长石±钾长石。相平衡模拟计算结果显示,该岩石的峰期温压条件为p=0.92～1.08 GPa,峰期温度t>790℃,峰期之后经历升温降压的p-T演化轨迹。锆石和独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究获得的变质年龄分别为1 133±14 Ma和1 125±37 Ma, 1 133～1 125 Ma应代表了该期麻粒岩相变质作用的时代。结合区域地质资料和已有的研究成果,我们认为乌兰北部察汗河岩群的石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩可能形成于大洋俯冲作用下的弧或弧后构造环境,乌兰北部的岩浆-变质杂岩带经历了从中元古代晚期-新元古代早期俯冲增生到碰撞造山的演化过程,是全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚过程的响应。     

Did natural fission of 235U in the earth lead to formation of the supercontinent Columbia?

Steady decline in the percentage of 235U in terrestrial uranium made natural fission impossible after about 1.8 Ga.Fission before 1.8 Ga disturbed the lead isotope system at various places worldwide,su...     

扬子地台西缘淌塘花岗岩的地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb定年

淌塘花岗岩岩体位于扬子地台西缘,岩石类型为钾长花岗岩.为了揭示其成因意义,本文对淌塘花岗岩体进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究.地球化学及岩石学研究的结果显示淌塘花岗岩具有高硅(SiO2=72.70％～77.95％)、高碱(ALK=5.68％ ～7.32％)、过铝质(ASI =1.41～ 1.78)的特征,K2O/Na2O平均值为1.18,CaO、MgO含量偏低,其岩石系列为高钾钙碱性系列,属于强过铝质S型花岗岩,其稀土元素含量偏低且轻重稀土元素差异较大(LREE/HREE=2.71 ～4.09),部分微量元素的含量显著区别于地壳平均值.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果获得其成岩年龄为1 063.2±6.9 Ma,属于格林威尔造山期运动产物.地球化学研究表明该花岗岩是由地壳中的泥质岩经过部分熔融形成的,其双峰式的岩浆岩组合模式和Al2O3 - SiO2构造环境判别图的投图结果均显示该花岗岩的形成与裂谷环境密切相关,这与1.0Ga时扬子地台西缘的大地构造背景相呼应,其形成也对应了Rodinia超大陆的汇聚事件.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on Late Cryogenian to Early Ediacaran magmatic rocks on the northern Tarim Craton: implications for tectonic setting and affinity with Gondwana

ABSTRACT

The Tarim Craton provides a geologic record of both the fragmentation of the Rodinian supercontinent and the subsequent assembly of Gondwana. However, the timing and interactions of these radically different tectonic processes remain contested. A critical part of this debate revolves around the Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran igneous rocks along the Craton’s northern margin, specifically, whether they record super-plume related Rodinian breakup or Gondwanan orogeny. To address this issue, we present zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic data and whole rock geochemistry from Late Cryogenian to Early Ediacaran granitoids of the northern Tarim Craton. U-Pb zircon ages reveal three magmatic periods along the northern Tarim margin: ca. 660–640 Ma, 635–625 Ma and 620–600 Ma, associated with small scale felsic and mafic magmas. These granitoids have an A2-type affinity and are enriched in alkalines, but are depleted in Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti. Elemental data and generally negative εHf(t) values (?13.96 to 1.65) suggest that they were mainly derived from partial melting of enriched, subduction-modified lithospheric mantle triggered by upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle along the active continental margin of northern Tarim. We suggest that the Tarim Craton travelled as an isolated plate for much of the Late Neoproterozoic, near the outer part of Rodinia and subsequently Gondwana. During this time it was affected by localized and periodic subduction-related intrusion and eruption. However, within the samples of this study, there is no U-Pb-Hf isotopic and whole-rock geochemical evidence to support either super-plume-related rifting (i.e. Rodinian breakup) or Pan-African orogeny (i.e. Gondwanan assembly).     

Petrogenesis of the Palaeoproterozoic Xishankou pluton,northern Tarim block,northwest China: implications for assembly of the supercontinent Columbia

The Tarim block, one of the largest cratons in China, records an important part of the Proterozoic crustal evolution of the Earth. Many previous studies have focused on the Neoproterozoic magmatism and tectonic evolution of this block in relation to the break-up of Rodinia, although relatively little is known about its earlier tectono-magmatic history. In this article, we present detailed petrographic, geochronologic, whole-rock geochemical, and in situ zircon Hf isotope data for the pre-Neoproterozoic Xishankou granitoid pluton (XBP), one of several blue quartz-bearing granitoid intrusions well exposed in the Quruqtagh area, and discuss these intrusions in terms of their tectonic environment. Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating indicates that gneissic quartz diorite and granodiorite of the XBP crystallized at 1934 ± 13 and 1944 ± 19 Ma, respectively. Both underwent metamorphism essentially coeval with emplacement, a time that is compatible with the globally distributed 2.1–1.8 Ga crustal amalgamation during formation of the supercontinent Columbia. Petrographic and geochemical evidence suggest that the XBP is a continental-arc-type granite and may have been generated by the partial melting of Archaean thickened lower crust; this would suggest that the northern Tarim block was a continental-type arc at ca. 1940 Ma. Our new data, together with previous regional geological studies, indicate that a series of Palaeoproterozoic (ca. 2.0–1.8 Ga) tectono-magmatic events occurred in the northern Tarim attending the assembly of Columbia.