从黄姜中提取薯蓣皂苷元的工艺研究

薯蓣皂苷元是合成甾体激素类药物的重要中间体。本文阐述了从黄姜中提取薯蓣皂苷元的各种工艺路线的研究进展,并对其生产工艺路线的发展前景进行了分析。     

精液中白细胞两种鉴别方法的比较与评价

用瑞氏－姬姆萨染色法和免疫细胞化学法对１２６名不育男性进行了精液白细胞检测，白细胞检出率分别为６６．６７％和６９．０５％，两法符合率为９２．１％，两法是一步提高精液中白细胞检测水平。     

The spread of odontogenic infections to the orbit: diagnosis and management

Four cases of orbital cellulitis following the extraction of maxillary molars are presented. The time interval between dental extraction and development of orbital symptoms ranged from two hours to 13 days. All patients presented with fever, elevated leukocyte counts, and radiologic evidence of acute ipsilateral paranasal sinus infection. In addition, one patient presented with meningitis. Predisposing factors in three patients included nephrotic syndrome with chronic antral inflammation, pregnancy with upper respiratory tract infection, and heroin addiction. Sequelae included empyema and death, severe loss of vision, and blindness with ptosis and exotropia. One patient recovered completely. The anatomic pathways by which dental infection can spread to the orbit are discussed, and general therapeutic considerations are emphasized.     

Characterization of differentiation-inducer-resistant HL-60 cells

Sub-lines of the cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 were individually selected for their ability to sustain exponential growth in the presence of 3 structurally-unrelated inducers of granulocytic differentiation - retinoic acid (RA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and 6-thioguanine (6TG). Selections were made by step-wise augmentation to final drug concentrations of 10(-3)mM RA, 169mM (1.2%) DMSO and 0.12mM (20 micrograms ml-1) 6TG. In addition to growth resistance, cells in each sub-line displayed variable cytodifferentiation resistance to each of the 3 selective agents, which was quantitated as the ratio of the concentration of drug required to induce differentiation in 50% of the cells in each resistant sub-line versus comparably-passaged wild-type HL-60 cells. The levels of resistance/cross-resistance were as follows: RA-resistant (res) sub-line greater than 2700-fold to RA, 1.3-fold to DMSO and greater than 1.5-fold to hypoxanthine (HXN; the noncytotoxic purine base inducer analogue of 6TG); DMSO-res sub-line 2.5-fold to DMSO, 137-fold to RA and greater than 1.5-fold to HXN; and 6TG-res sub-line greater than 1.5-fold to HXN, 9-fold to RA and 1.6-fold to DMSO. These sub-lines were not cross-resistant to sodium butyrate (NaBut), a monocyte inducer, or to 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a macrophage inducer. HL-60 sub-lines selected by exposure to a single high concentration of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR; 3.3 X 10(-2)mM) or oubain (Ou; 5 X 10(-3)mM) were not or were slightly cross-resistant to either granulocyte or monocyte inducers. Although some variations in line/sub-line phenotype were observed, this was minor compared to the quantitative variations in response to individual inducing agents. The RA-res and 6TG-res sub-lines contained numerous double minute chromosomes (indicators of amplified genes) which were either absent or present in much smaller numbers in the parental wild-type cells or in the other drug-resistant sub-lines. There was little change or a decrease in the amplification level of the known amplified oncogene c-myc in the various drug-resistant sub-lines compared to wild-type HL-60 cells. These results (a) confirm that the neutrophilic granulocytic and monocytic/macrophagic differentiation programs in HL-60 cells are mechanistically different and separable; (b) suggest that both agent-specific and common quantitative alterations contribute to the mechanism(s) for resistance to granulocyte differentiation; and (c) suggest that the latter quantitative defects could be related to amplification of genes other than c-myc.     

Homer Wright rosettes in ependymoma

Summary A brain tumor in the fourth ventricle of a 26-year-old woman displayed numerous Homer Wright rosettes by conventional histology, but immunostaining and electron microscopy revealed the tumor an ependymoma. Since the presence of Homer Wright rosettes in ependymoma has not been well appreciated in the past, the diagnostic importance of this finding is discussed.     

盾叶薯蓣根状茎不同部位和不同生长期薯蓣皂苷元含量的差异性研究

目的 揭示盾叶薯蓣根状茎不同部位和不同生长期中皂苷的积累与分布以及薯蓣皂苷元含量的差异。方法组织化学和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。结果 皂苷主要分布在基本组织内，有小维管束分布的区域皂苷积累最丰富，薯蓣皂苷元的含量也最高；其次是无维管束分布的区域：有大维管束分布的区域皂苷积累最少，薯蓣皂苷元的含量最低。结论 雄株3个区域的皂苷元含量均明显的高于雌株，雌雄同株其含量界于雄株和雌株之间。     

滇丹参的生药学研究

滇丹参为云南地区习用药材，来源于Salvia yunnanensis C.H.Wright的干燥根及根茎。对其植物来源，药材性状，显微及理化特征作了研究，为滇丹参药材的鉴别及药材质量标准的规范化研究提供了科学依据。     

Evaluation of the Cockroft-Gault, Jelliffe and Wright formulae in estimating renal function in elderly cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: More elderly patients are being treated with chemotherapy. Reliable and accurate measures of renal function are needed to obtain predictable, safe and effective exposure to renally excreted drugs. The Jelliffe, Cockroft-Gault and Wright formulae have been used to evaluate renal function, although they have not been validated in elderly oncology patients. We performed a retrospective evaluation of these formulae using the [51Cr]-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ([51Cr]-EDTA) method of measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as the 'gold standard'. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were age > or = 70 years and serum creatinine <250 micromol/l, performed within 4 weeks of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement. Creatinine clearance was calculated using the Cockroft-Gault, Jelliffe and Wright formulae. The precision and accuracy of the three formulae were compared with the gold standard. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-five patients were evaluated: median age, 74 years (range 70-89); males, 108; females, 117; median creatinine, 84 micromol/l (range 44-186). Correlation coefficients of the Jelliffe, Cockroft-Gault and Wright formulae were similar. In the specific GFR ranges of 50-70, 70-90 and 90-120 ml/min, the bias [mean percentage error (MPE)] was +8%, -4% and -13%, respectively. The degree of bias was greater with the Cockroft-Gault and Jelliffe formulae across the same range of GFR with the MPE being -15%, -25%, -32% and -12%, -19% and -23%, respectively. All three formulae have reduced precision and greater bias at the extremes of GFR. CONCLUSIONS: The Wright formula is the most accurate, precise and least biased formula for the calculation of GFR in elderly patients with a GFR >50 ml/min. These results allow the physician to make a decision regarding the use of the formula based on an expected degree of bias.     

黑刺菝葜根化学成分研究

 目的 对百合科菝葜属植物黑刺菝葜（Smilax scobinicaulis C.H. Wright）根脂溶性化学成分进行了研究。方法 采用硅胶、反相硅胶（RP-18）、半制备HPLC色谱法,葡聚糖凝胶（Sephadex LH-20）等多种分离方法,利用理化性质和现代波谱技术确定了化合物的结构。结果 从黑刺菝葜根乙醇提物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到13个化合物,通过核磁共振数据将其结构鉴定为：β-谷甾醇（1）,拉克索皂苷元（2）,clemaphenol A（3）,2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸甲酯（4）,乌苏酸（5）,布卢门醇A （6）,对羟基桂皮酸甘油酯（7）,1-O-阿魏酰甘油酯（8）,槲皮素（9）,木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（10）,反式白藜芦醇（11）,槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（12）,胡萝卜苷（13）。结论 其中化合物3~8、10~12为首次从黑刺菝葜中分离得到。