基于余震重定位和震源机制解研究青海玛多MS7.4地震序列的发震构造和断裂形态

2021年5月22日02时04分(北京时间),青海果洛州玛多县发生M_S7.4地震,震后余震不断.地质调查和卫星观测对地表断裂痕迹有较好的约束.然而,对于理解区域应力场、地震的产生、传播和终止具有重要意义的地下断层几何结构的约束精度略显不足.利用国家地震台网的连续波形记录,本研究首先基于双差定位法对玛多地震震后25天的余震序列进行重定位,结果显示余震序列大致沿NWW向的江错断裂呈线性分布,位于主震震中两侧,延伸总长~170 km.主震东南侧存在一余震稀疏区,在断裂带东西两端余震分布转向且出现分叉现象,反映出发震断层的复杂几何形态,这与前人研究结果基本一致.进一步采用波形反演方法和P波初动极性反演方法,获得了玛多震源区132个中小余震的震源机制解与震源矩心深度,并基于此对该主余型地震的发震构造与断裂形态进行了初步分析.震源机制解结果表明,玛多M_S7.4主震的发震断裂主要为左旋走滑性质,余震与主震性质整体相同,在断裂带东段存在部分逆冲型余震.震源机制解约束的区域主应力方向约N60°E,与区内整体走滑断裂作用相一致.余震震源深度略微起伏,主要集中在10~12 km,且浅部余震较少,表明浅部应力可能主要通过主震释放,余震深度分布可能限定了主震同震破裂的下边界.玛多主震破裂起始于断裂带走向和倾向发生明显变化的位置,表明断裂带的复杂几何结构可能是此次玛多M_S7.4地震初始破裂空间分布的决定因素.主震破裂结束的两端都有"马尾状"构造(或次级断层),表明这种分叉断层复杂的几何形态可能控制着主震破裂的最终位置.     

Statistical occurrence analysis and spatio-temporal distribution of earthquakes in the Apennines (Italy)

We present two examples of statistical analysis of seismicity conducted by integrating geological, geophysical and seismological data with the aim to characterize the active stress field and to define the spatio-temporal distribution of large earthquakes. Moreover, our data will help to improve the knowledge of the “seismogenic behavior” of the areas and to provide useful information for seismic hazard evaluation.The earthquakes are described by two non-parametric statistical procedures integrating also tectonic-physical parameters to study the spatio-temporal variability.The results show that the areas are characterized by: 1) a stress regime with mainly extensional kinematics; 2) tectonic structures mainly oriented with the active stress field (S_hmin = N44° ± 18° in the southern Apennines and S_hmin = N50° ± 17° in the central Apennines); 3) cluster distribution of seismicity and 4) a high probability of earthquake occurrence (M > 5.5) in the next 10 years.     

The 1780 seismic sequence in NE Sicily (Italy): shifting an underestimated and mislocated earthquake to a seismically low rate zone

The southernmost sector of the Italian peninsula is crossed by an almost continuous seismogenic belt capable of producing M ∼ 7 earthquakes and extending from the Calabrian Arc, through the Messina Straits, as far as Southeastern Sicily. Though large earthquakes occurring in this region during the last millennium are fairly well known from the historical point of view and seismic catalogues may be considered complete for destructive and badly damaging events (IX ≤ I _o ≤ XI MCS), the knowledge and seismic completeness of moderate earthquakes can be improved by investigating other kinds of documentary sources not explored by the classical seismological tradition. In this paper, we present a case study explanatory of the problem, regarding the Ionian coast between the Messina Straits and Mount Etna volcano, an area of North-eastern Sicily lacking evidence of relevant seismic activity in historical times. Now, after a systematic analysis of the 18th century journalistic sources (gazettes), this gap can be partly filled by the rediscovery of a seismic sequence that took place in 1780. According to the available catalogues, the only event on record for this year is a minor shock (I _o = VI MCS, M _w = 4.8) recorded in Messina on March 28, 1780. The newly discovered data allow to reinstate it as the mainshock (I _o = VII–VIII MCS, M _w = 5.6) of a significant seismic period, which went on from March to June 1780, causing severe damage along the Ionian coast of North-eastern Sicily. The source responsible for this event appears located offshore, 40-km south of the previous determination, and is consistent with the Taormina Fault suggested by the geological literature, developing in the low seismic rate zone at the southernmost termination of the 1908 Messina earthquake fault.     

Review on Deep Geoplhysical Exploration and Research in China

The status of deep geophysical exploration and research in China is summarized in this paper.New achievements in the study of the velocity structure,seismotectonics and geodynamics of the crust and upper mantle are also briefly descibed.     

唐山－河间－磁县新生地震构造带

地震构造研究往往注重那些形成历史长且规模较大的活动断裂带。实际上还存在一种与现代地质环境和区域应力状态基本保持一致的最近构造阶段新发育的断裂带，即新生断裂带。地震活动与这两种构造带关系密切。根据地震和地质构造等资料分析认为，唐山－河间－磁县地震带是一条晚第三纪开始发育的新生地震构造带     

台湾海峡7.3级地震的构造环境

台湾海峡７．３级地震发生在北东东向台湾西南分国地的北缘活动断裂带上，这里的地质构造复杂，断块差异性升降运动强烈，为台湾浅滩隆起与台湾西南断陷分国地的交替地段；也是深部布格重力异常带由北东东转折为北东向的交汇部位，地震等烈度线的轮廓形态大致反映出其发震构造的走向。     

台湾海峡南部7.3级地震的地质构造背景

在我国辽阔的渤海、黄海、东海和南海，只有渤海发生过７级以上地震，而面积狭小的台湾海峡却发生４次７－８级地震，数十次５－６．９级地震。是我国大陆近海地震活动强度最大，频度最高的地区。台湾海峡位于欧亚大陆板块和太平洋菲律宾海板块的结合地带，地壳运动强烈。海峡中北东、北西向断裂发育，第四纪以来，上述断裂均有强烈的活动。在这种地质构造背景下，发生了历史上一系列强烈地震和这次７．３级地震。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000319

The 3-D geometry of the seismicity in Hindu Kush–Pamir–western China region has been defined by seismic records for 1975–1999 from the National Earthquake Information Center, the U.S. Geological Survey, and over 16,000 relocated earthquakes since 1975 recorded by the Xinjiang seismic network of China. The results show that most Ms ≥ 5.0 hypocenters in the area are confined to a major intracontinental seismic shear zone (MSSZ). The MSSZ, which dips southwards in Pamir has a north-dipping counterpart in the Hindu Kush to the west; the two tectonic realms are separated by the sinistral Chaman transform fault of the India–Asia collisional zone. We demonstrate that the MSSZ constitutes the upper boundary of a south-dipping, actively subducting Pamir continental plate. Three seismic concentrations are recognized just above the Pamir MSSZ at depths between 45–65 km, 95–120 km, and 180–220 km, suggesting different structural relationships where each occurs. Results from focal mechanism solutions in all three seismological concentrations show orientations of the principal maximum stress to be nearly horizontal in an NNW–SSE direction. The south-dipping Pamir subduction slab is wedge-shaped with a wide upper top and a narrow deeper bottom; the slab has a gentle angle of dip in the upper part and steeper dips in the lower part below an elbow depth of ca. 80–120 km. Most of the deformation related to the earthquakes occurs within the hanging wall of the subducting Pamir slab. Published geologic data and repeated GPS measurements in the Pamir document a broad supra-subduction, upper crustal zone of evolving antithetic (i.e. north-dipping) back-thrusts that contribute to north-south crustal shortening and are responsible for exhumation of some ultrahigh-pressure rocks formed during earlier Tethyan plate convergence. An alternating occurrence in activity of Pamir and Chaman seismic zones indicates that there is interaction between strike-slip movement of the Chaman transform fault system and deep-subduction of the Pamir earthquake zone. Pamir subduction-related seismicity becomes shallower in depth with increasing distance east of the transform fault. Therefore, sinistral movement of the Chaman transform fault appears to be influencing continental deep-subduction in the Pamir region and may provide an explanation for the unusual south-dipping geometry of the intracontinental Pamir plate.     

Sentinel-1A及ALOS2数据约束下的阿克陶地震震源参数反演及发震构造研究

2016年11月25日，在新疆阿克陶县发生了M_W6.6地震.本文利用Sentinel-1A宽幅数据和ALOS2精细数据获得了同震形变场，干涉形变场沿木吉断裂展布，显示本次地震破裂长度可达70 km，在地表形成两个形变中心，且震中东部形变场条纹密集而西部稀疏、影响范围广，跨断层剖面显示视线向最大形变量可达12 cm.利用一种结合先验知识的多视角最小二乘迭代分解法求解出地表的三维形变场，结果显示震中东部形变中心垂向向下运动最大可达20 cm，木吉断裂南侧西向运动可达10 cm，断层表现为右旋走滑兼具正断作用.采用前向模拟的方法确定二段式分段断层模型能够较好地恢复观测形变场，进而以InSAR观测数据为约束，基于弹性半空间形变模型采用两段非均匀断层滑动模型来反演断层面上的精细滑动值.反演结果显示本次地震可能为两次地震事件，发生在断层西段的第一次事件以右旋走滑为主，走向103°，倾角76°，滑动角-167°，震源深度10.1 km，累计地震矩为7.2×10¹⁸N·M；东段的第二次事件为右旋走滑兼具正断作用，走向109°，倾角略缓约55°，滑动角-160°，震源深度5.3 km，累计地震矩7.76×10¹⁸N·M.本次地震是一次发生在公格尔拉张系的拉张环境下的构造地震.