Multi carrier energy systems and energy hubs: Comprehensive review,survey and recommendations

In this paper, the multi carrier energy (MCE) systems are reviewed from different point of views including mathematical models, integrated components and technologies, uncertainty management, planning objectives, environmental pollution, resilience, and robustness. The basic of MCE systems is formed by combination of cooling, heating and power (CCHP). The natural gas and electricity are the main inputs to MCE systems and the cooling, heating, and electricity are the common outputs. The regular energy converters in the MCE systems are combined heat and power (CHP), gas boiler, absorption-electrical chillers, power to gas (P2G) and fuel-cell. The generic energy storages are electrical, heating, cooling, hydrogen, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydro systems.     

The resolution of analogue measuring devices and its associated uncertainty: An investigation with practical recommendations

Despite the popularity of the analogue measuring devices, there is no recognized reference provided comprehensive guidelines for determining their resolution and its associated uncertainty. For filling this gap, this article is introduced as an attempt to explore and investigate all the available works related to this issue. The new terminology “evident space”, “evident resolution”, and “conjunction” were proposed to set a common reference. Two different techniques for determining the analogue resolution were presented and discussed. Several numerical examples were also presented to show different analogue indications and their interpretations. Moreover, reasonable recommendations for determining the resolution uncertainty were suggested depending on the case.     

赤砂糖中二氧化硫含量测定的不确定度分析

采用GB 5009.34-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中二氧化硫的测定》中蒸馏法对赤砂糖中二氧化硫进行测定,分析该方法不确定度来源,对不确定度各个分量进行评估。结果表明,测定赤砂糖中二氧化硫含量不确定度的主要来源为标准滴定溶液消耗的体积和重复性测量,当二氧化硫含量为0.053 g/kg时,扩展不确定度为0.0034 g/kg(k=2),测试结果表示为:0.053 g/kg±0.0034 g/kg,k=2,P=95%。     

基于改进模糊自适应补偿的柔性关节机器人PD控制

针对柔性关节机器人具有不确定性、轨迹跟踪精度低和抖动的问题,提出一种改进模糊自适应补偿的PD控制方法。该方法在原有模糊自适应控制和PD控制的基础上进行改进,采用改进模糊自适应控制对PD控制进行补偿,以提高存在不确定性条件下的关节轨迹跟踪精度并抑制抖动。通过Lyapunov理论证明了系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明：新型控制器具有良好的自适应能力,与传统PD控制和模糊自适应控制相比,新型控制策略显著提高了关节的轨迹跟踪精度并在一定程度上抑制了关节抖动。     

微波消解-ICP-AES法对电镀金层杂质元素含量测定的不确定度评价

采用微波消解-ICP-AES法测定了电镀金层中杂质元素的含量,并按照JJF1059—1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》对测量过程中对各种因素导致的不确定度进行评定。分析了测量不确定度分量的主要来源,对各不确定度分量进行了评定和计算。结果表明以微波消解-ICP-AES法测定电镀金层中杂质元素的含量时,测量不确定度主要由标准溶液的浓度、标准曲线非线性、测量重复性、仪器稳定性引入。通过对不确定度的评定,可以保证分析结果的准确性。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测量青海地区矿泉水中锶含量的不确定度

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定矿泉水中锶的不确定度。分析了标准溶液配制过程及仪器测定过程的各种不确定度影响因素,对各不确定度分量进行了评定与计算,当锶的质量浓度为0.8373 mg/L时,测量结果的扩展不确定度为0.0192 mg/L(k=2)。该法适合于以线性回归法得出检测结果的不确定度评估。     

乙丙橡胶门尼粘度标准物质的定值与不确定度评定

定值是标准物质研制的重要环节,也是标准物质研制水平高低的体现。标准物质研制中定值的准确和不确定度度评定的合理则对标准物质研制的水平和推广应用起着重要的作用。对均匀性、稳定性检验后符合标准物质研制的乙丙橡胶(EPDM)4050样品,联合多家实验室进行定值。EPDM 4050门尼粘度标准物质参与定值的各实验室的数据在0.01的显著水平时,定值的数据处于正态分布、无可疑值、处于等精度,定值数据的平均值为EPDM 4050门尼粘度标准物质的标称值,EPDM 4050标准物质在ML(1+4)100℃、ML(1+8)100℃下的标称值分别为42.4±0.5、40.4±0.4。     

Probabilistic loss assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to combined seismic and snow loads

In some areas, e.g., mountainous areas in the western United States, both seismic and snow loads are significant. Limited research has been conducted to investigate the seismic risk of light-frame wood construction in those areas considering the combined loads, particularly the snow accumulation. An object-oriented framework of the risk assessment for light-frame wood construction subjected to combined seismic and snow hazards is proposed in this paper. A typical one-story light-frame wood residential building is selected to demonstrate the proposed framework. Economic losses of the building due to the combined hazards are evaluated using the proposed framework. It is found that in areas with significant snow accumulation, the snow load has significant effects on the seismic risk assessment for light-frame wood construction.     

由外到内中国当代,荷兰鹿特丹

文章是以新一代中国建筑师的视角对2006年6月至9月荷兰鹿特丹“中国当代”建筑展的一次观察,作者对本次展览的文化背景和策展方式与1997年纽约的“从内到外”展和2005年的深圳的“城市开门”展做了比较,在从多重角度讨论本次展览的策展态度、布展设计、和关注点的同时,文章反思了策展人费拉森罗德提出的种种关于骤变中的中国城市与建筑的关键问题。     

Uncertainty analysis of tunnel squeezing for two tunnel cases from Nepal Himalaya

Weak rocks such as shale, slate, phyllite and schist, and the rock mass of weakness/fault zones are incapable of sustaining high tangential stress. Severe tunnel squeezing is therefore common in the tectonically active Himalayan rock mass and is one of the major areas of concern regarding stability. A reliable prediction of the extent of squeezing is essential so that a strategy can be established regarding stabilizing measures and for optimizing the support well in advance (during planning and design). In this paper, a probabilistic approach to uncertainty analysis that focuses on the effect of the variations in each input parameter of squeezing is used for analyzing and predicting the extent of tunnel squeezing for two tunnel cases in Nepal; Kaligandaki “A” (completed) and Middle Marsyangdi (under construction). A semi-analytical method suggested by Hoek and Marinos [Predicting tunnel squeezing problems in weak heterogeneous rock masses. Tunnels Tunnell Int, 2000; 32(11 and 12): 45–51 and 34–36] for predicting squeezing, an empirical formula proposed by Panthi [Analysis of engineering geological uncertainties related to tunnelling in Himalayan rock mass conditions. PhD thesis, Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway, 2006] and the Palisade's 2002 version of @Risk statistical software program have been used for the uncertainty analysis. The analysis results for Kaligandaki indicate fairly good correlation between predicted and actually measured squeezing. The same approach has been used for predicting the degree of tunnel squeezing at Middle Marsyangdi tunnel. It is concluded that the methodology proposed in this paper has potential for predicting the squeezing of future tunnel projects in weak rock mass conditions.