湿地生态水文学研究综述

基于湿地生态水文研究文献计量分析,透视国内外有关湿地水文、生态水文和水资源等领域的重大研究计划和重要学术会议,系统总结了湿地生态水文学发展历程,可分为萌芽起步阶段（20世纪50年代至80年代）、研究探索阶段（20世纪90年代）和快速发展阶段（21世纪以后）3个阶段,列举了重要代表性研究成果,并重点阐述了湿地生态水文学研究进展;基于对国际湿地生态水文学发展历程、研究进展及热点的综合分析,未来湿地生态水文学研究主要向基于"多要素、多过程、多尺度"的湿地生态水文相互作用机理及耦合机制、气候变化对湿地生态水文的影响机理及适应性调控、湿地"水文-生态-社会"耦合系统互作机理及互馈机制和基于湿地生态需水与水文服务的流域水资源综合管理等方向发展。最后,以国家重大需求为导向,提出了未来中国湿地生态水文学优先发展方向及建议。     

全球气候变化对湿地生态水文的影响研究综述

近百年来全球气候呈现以变暖为主要特征的显著变化,并且未来气温将继续上升,降水模式也会发生改变。从气候变化对湿地水文水资源的影响、气候变化影响下湿地水文与生态的相互作用过程以及湿地生态水文模型等3个方面,对国内外相关研究动态和发展趋势进行了总结分析。从中发现,当前全球气候背景下的湿地生态水文学正在从单一湿地生态水文过程为主要对象,发展成为以研究气候-水文-生态三者相互作用机制为主要内容的综合性、交叉性学科。现关于气候变化影响下水文-生态之间的关系多集中于单向作用的研究,特别是水文过程对植被的影响研究较多,缺乏对气候变化影响下湿地水文过程与生态过程相互作用机理的全面认识。气候变化对湿地生态水文的影响机制研究已经成为水文学研究亟待解决的科学问题,而基于物理机制的湿地生态水文模型,逐渐成为预测未来气候变化下湿地生态水文响应的重要工具。     

流域湿地水文调蓄功能研究综述

湿地是流域水循环和水量平衡的重要调节器,在维护流域水量平衡、减轻洪旱灾害和应对气候变化等方面发挥极其重要的作用。流域湿地水文调蓄功能是湿地生态水文学研究的重要内容,科学认识和理解流域湿地水文调蓄功能对流域湿地恢复保护、水资源综合管控与应对气候变化具有极其重要的意义。本文阐述了流域湿地水文调蓄功能的概念与内涵,剖析了流域湿地水文调蓄功能时空变异性、阈值性和多维性三大特征及其影响因素（包括湿地土壤特性、植被特征和初始水文条件等内在因素和流域特征、降雨特征、气候变化和人类活动等外在因素）,探讨了流域湿地不变情景下和变化情景下水文调蓄功能评估方法,并介绍了流域湿地水文调蓄功能定量评估模型与应用情况。最后,从学科发展和实践需求的视角提出了流域湿地水文调蓄功能未来亟需加强研究的重点方向。     

中国岩溶湿地生态水文过程研究进展

岩溶湿地是广泛分布于岩溶地区的一种特殊的湿地类型。受特殊水文地质结构的控制,岩溶湿地生态系统的结构和功能与其他湿地类型有着显著差异。基于国内外湿地及岩溶湿地相关研究成果的基础上,阐述了我国西南岩溶湿地具有上下双层结构、封闭的储蓄水构造、快速的生态水文循环等特点,以及地表水-地下水转化、生态需水转化的规律和研究方法,分析了人类活动对岩溶湿地水量、水质以及生态系统演化的影响,并总结了岩溶湿地生态水文模型的研究现状及发展趋势。最后,针对目前岩溶湿地生态水文过程研究中存在的问题,提出在未来研究中应加强对岩溶湿地结构及生态水文循环过程的研究、查明人类活动对岩溶湿地产生的影响、构建生态水文耦合模型等建议。     

国际湿地科学研究进展和中国湿地科学研究优先领域与展望

湿地科学已成为国际学术界的重要学科和优势领域，它纵横双向发展、学科体系扩大、研究深入、内容增多、领域拓宽。国际湿地科学研究前沿领域的热点为：湿地分类、形成、发育、演化、古环境、生态与界面过程、温室气体和全球变化、健康、湿地构建、退化湿地恢复与重建、生物多样性、模型、制图、开发、保护、可持续发展和新技术手段应用研究。论述了这些领域最新研究进展和发展趋势。中国湿地科学研究发展缓慢的原因在于：理论研究薄弱，技术手段相对落后，科研力量与经费不足，先进设施与基地缺乏。提出了21世纪中国湿地科学研究的优先领域，应加强湿地基础理论研究，在湿地的定义与概念、分类、形成、发育、演化、生态过程、界面过程、生物多样性、温室气体与全球变化、健康及其评价、信息系统、电子地图、退化湿地恢复与重建、构建湿地与生态工程方面开展创新性研究。     

吉林西部向海湿地环境退化及驱动机制研究

向海湿地位于半干旱的吉林西部平原区,特殊的地理位置和水文条件决定了湿地处于动态变化之中.在自然和人为驱动影响下,系统结构和功能发生明显的退化趋势,湿地面积缩小、调节功能削弱,区域荒漠化发展迅速.通过对湿地发育的环境背景条件分析,剖析了湿地退化的现状及驱动机制,水陆界面的脆弱性是湿地退化的环境背景条件,而气候干旱化、上游水的大量截流、水利工程设施及土地资源的不合理开发利用等自然、人为因素的耦合作用,加速了湿地的退化过程.基于湿地退化的现状和驱动机制,河流湿地退化的恢复必须从湿地的水文功能出发,考虑水资源的循环和转化,制定水资源综合利用方案及生态技术和生态工程措施.     

七里海湿地生态需水量保障分析

本文对七里海湿地气候、水文、土壤及生物进行了论述;利用遥感解译技术提取湿地信息,总结了七里海二十来年自然生态变化特征;根据水资源平衡原理进行了生态需水量保障分析;提出了水资源修复建议。     

内陆河流域水文过程研究的一些科学问题

水科学研究的发展，对水文科学提出了新的挑战，即如何在流域、区域和全球尺度进行学科交叉、综合集成和协同研究，从而更全面地认识水在地球资源和环境变化中的作用，认识水圈及其与大气圈、岩石圈和生物圈的相互作用。为了解内陆河流域水文循环和水量平衡各分量之间的变化和转化关系及其与生态和环境之间的相互作用，以及对全球变化和人类活动的响应和反馈，基于内陆河流域上游山区径流形成区、中游人工绿洲水资源开发利用区和下游荒漠绿洲径流散失区的流域水文循环特征，从能水通量、生态和生物地球化学过程讨论了山区水文过程；从生态水文、尺度转换、阈值和反馈讨论了水文和植被的相互作用；从国外提出的关键作用带的概念讨论了内陆河流域地下水—土壤—植被作用层的水文过程。提出了开展内陆河流域水文过程观测和研究的基本框架。     

生态水文科学古人的现状与展望

生态水文科学研究是区域生态系统研究和区域水文科学研究的交叉领域，其核心内容是揭示不同环境条件下植物与水的相互关系机理，探索各种植被的生态水文作用过程。近年来，生态与水文相互作用过程的数学模拟和专门模型研制日益成为重要的发展领域，同时，生态水文学的研究十分注重尺度效应，把在一定尺度上获得的水文与生态原理或模型向其它不同尺度转换已成为最具挑战性的问题。山地生态系统成为全球变化研究最为重要的研究场所，开展与全球变化相关的生态系统物质与能量循环、生态过程的梯度效应及其与水文过程的耦合关系、生态系统结构与功能及其变化等方面的研究，是生态水文学研究最具活力的方向，其中建立包含区域气候变化因素的多元生态过程动态模拟模型，并使该模型具有不同时空尺度、不同地貌和生态带的广泛适应性是目前广泛关注的热点问题。     

湿地水文研究进展综述

湿地是地球上一种重要的生态系统,具有巨大的环境功能和环境效益。水文是湿地中最重要的过程,是决定产生和维持湿地典型类型和湿地过程的重要因素。因此,湿地水文过程的研究是湿地研究的核心内容,是当前国内外湿地研究的热点。本文介绍了湿地水文及其对湿地功能等的重要性,综述了当前国内外在湿地水文状态与生态环境的关系、水流运动、水文模型与水文观测等方面的研究进展,并提出了今后我国亟待加强的湿地水文研究领域。     

湿地地表水—地下水交互作用的研究综述

湿地地表水—地下水之间的水量与水质交互作用是影响湿地水文过程及其生态环境效应的重要机制。从湿地地表水—地下水交互作用的内涵、影响因素、界面效应及其研究方法与模型等5个方面,归纳总结了国内外相关的研究成果。分析认为:湿地地表水—地下水交互作用受到地质/水文地质条件与水文情势共同控制,对未来变化环境尤其是气候变化的响应机制是其影响因素研究关注的焦点,在此背景下物理—化学—生物多层次环境界面之间的"激励—响应"更加显著,将成为理解湿地—地下水交互作用过程及其环境反馈的重要内容。结合多学科交叉理论与方法,利用不同界面特征的响应变化反馈指示湿地地表水—地下水交互作用是未来研究方法发展与创新的基本思路。结合湿地水文特性整合不同尺度的数据信息、耦合交互过程的不同机制等是模型构建的关键科学问题,实现交互作用过程中的地表水—地下水耦合、水量—水质联合模拟是模型研究的发展趋势。     

Using subsurface metazoan fauna to indicate groundwater–surface water interactions in the Nakdong River floodplain, South Korea

Hydrological interactions between surface water and groundwater (GW) can be described using hydrochemical and biological methods. Surface water–groundwater interactions and their effects on groundwater invertebrate communities were studied in the Nakdong River floodplain in South Korea. Furthermore, the GW-Fauna-Index, a promising new index for assessing the strength of surface-water influence on groundwater, was tested. The influence of surface water on groundwater decreased with increasing depth and distance from the river. While hydrochemistry prevailingly reflected the origin of the waters in the study area (i.e. whether alluvial or from adjacent rock), faunal communities seemed to display an affinity to surface-water intrusion. Fauna reacted quickly to changes in hydrology, and temporal changes in faunal community structure were significantly linked to the hydrological situation in the floodplain. The metazoan faunal community and the GW-Fauna-Index allow a distinction between surface and subsurface waters with varying degrees of exchange. The results indicate that hydrological conditions are reflected by faunal assemblages on a high spatiotemporal resolution, and that surface-water intrusion can be estimated using the GW-Fauna-Index.     

Hydrological connectivity of alluvial Andean valleys: a groundwater/surface-water interaction case study in Ecuador

The Andean region is characterized by important intramontane alluvial and glacial valleys; a typical example is the Tarqui alluvial plain, Ecuador. Such valley plains are densely populated and/or very attractive for urban and infrastructural development. Their aquifers offer opportunities for the required water resources. Groundwater/surface-water (GW–SW) interaction generally entails recharge to or discharge from the aquifer, dependent on the hydraulic connection between surface water and groundwater. Since GW–SW interaction in Andean catchments has hardly been addressed, the objectives of this study are to investigate GW–SW interaction in the Tarqui alluvial plain and to understand the role of the morphology of the alluvial valley in the hydrological response and in the hydrological connection between hillslopes and the aquifers in the valley floor. This study is based on extensive field measurements, groundwater-flow modelling and the application of temperature as a groundwater tracer. Results show that the morphological conditions of a valley influence GW–SW interaction. Gaining and losing river sections are observed in narrow and wide alluvial valley sections, respectively. Modelling shows a strong hydrological connectivity between the hillslopes and the alluvial valley; up to 92 % of recharge of the alluvial deposits originates from lateral flow from the hillslopes. The alluvial plain forms a buffer or transition zone for the river as it sustains a gradual flow from the hills to the river. Future land-use planning and development should include concepts discussed in this study, such as hydrological connectivity, in order to better evaluate impact assessments on water resources and aquatic ecosystems.     

Implications of wetlands degradation for water resources management: Lessons from Nigeria

Nigeria is a country richly endowed with both coastal and inland wetlands, which altogether cover about 3% of the country's land surface. These wetlands are of ecological, economic, socio-cultural, scientific and recreational significance. Nevertheless, Nigeria's wetland resources are currently being threatened by certain anthropogenic and biogeophysical factors. Notable among such factors are population pressure, rapid rate of urbanization, mining, oil and industrial waste pollution, uncontrolled tilling for crop production, over-grazing, logging, unprecedented land reclamation, construction of dams, transportation routes and other physical infrastructure, marine and coastal erosion, subsidence, ocean water intrusion, invasion by alien floral and faunal species, sand storm, desertification, and droughts. The alarming rate at which the country's wetlands are vanishing obviously portends some dire consequences. In particular, wetlands destruction is affecting water supply and water resources management in various parts of the country. Wetlands perform some vitally important hydrological functions in the country. For instance, apart from being quite instrumental to flood protection, wetlands equally maintain stream flow during the dry season in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria. Importantly, they also help in regulating surface water quality and volume, as well as in replenishing and sustaining groundwater. There is no gainsaying, therefore, that the degradation of wetland ecosystems in Nigeria increases the task of water resources management in the country. Thus, the country's wetland resources need to be properly identified and mapped. Moreover, the right legislation and policy framework has to be put in place and enforced to safeguard the remaining wetlands from the ongoing wanton destruction. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quantitative assessment of drought in a lacustrine wetland based on a water balance model

Upstream inflow decline and excessive water withdrawal are the major reasons for failure in maintaining ecological functions of wetlands and could lead to wetland drought and degradation. Quantitative evaluation of wetlands drought constitutes the basis for managing and scheduling water resources and guaranteeing biological safety. In the study, we proposed a Palmer wetland drought index (PWDI) based on the water balance model that describes wetland hydrological characteristics linked to its located basin to describe drought-reflected ecological characteristics in lacustrine Baiyangdian Wetland and compared it with Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). The results presented that PWDI is able to reflect the worst drought in history, and the drought is mainly affected by water stored in the wetland, but PDSI is inadequate for evaluating the wetland drought. The PWDI methodology provides a clear, objective approach for describing the intensity of drought and can be readily adapted to characterize drought on an operational basis.     

东北地区湿地及其保护

中国东北地区湿地分布面积约1060.69×10⁴hm²,约占东北地区陆地总面积的8.5%.在分析湿地的类型、分布规律及其所面临问题的基础上,阐述了湿地保护的紧迫性和必要性.指出水是湿地生态环境系统中的重要因子,保护湿地生态环境,首要是加强水资源环境的保护.提出了完善法规,保护湿地资源;开展湿地资源调查,加强综合研究;科学管理湿地,严把开发利用审批关;合理配置水资源,保护湿地生态环境;建立湿地保护和合理利用示范区;实行退牧还泽还草,退耕还沼还泽等保护对策与措施.     

Fine scale variability of hyporheic hydrochemistry in salmon spawning gravels with contrasting groundwater-surface water interactions

There is increasing realisation of the importance of groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interactions in understanding freshwater ecology. A study that assessed the influence of local GW–SW interactions on shallow (<250 mm) hyporheic water quality at two contrasting salmon spawning locations in Scotland, UK is reported. At a groundwater-dominated site, continuous logging sensors revealed that hyporheic dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations changed rapidly in response to changing hydrological conditions. Low volume (25 ml) spot samples revealed fine-scale spatial variability (<0.05 m) consistent with a vertically shifting boundary layer between source waters. At a surface-water-dominated location, hyporheic water was typically characterised by high DO and electrical conductivity values, characteristic of surface water. Small reductions in DO at this site are hypothesised to be associated with short residence hyporheic discharge. A comparison between in-situ (logging DO sensor data) and ex-situ (small volume sampling) methods revealed good agreement, potentially allowing deployment of the two methods in stratified sampling programmes. This study demonstrates that hyporheic water quality varies over fine spatial and temporal scales and that future studies need to design sampling strategies that consider the scales appropriate to both the ecology and the hyporheic processes of interest.     

基于综合识别方法的河北白洋淀湿地提取研究

湿地作为地球上宝贵的自然资源,在维持自然生态平衡、改善生态环境、防治污染等方面具有极其重要的功能。基于Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据,通过对比分析关于湿地和水体的不同提取方法及结果,确定了适合于白洋淀淀区湿地和开阔水体的最佳提取方法,并利用改进的指数方法和谱间关系法分别对淀区湿地和开阔水体进行了定量化提取。鉴于白洋淀淀区湿地主要包括开阔水体和芦苇区两部分,将淀区内湿地和开阔水体进行几何拓扑后,得到淀区内芦苇区的范围。总结出一套适用于白洋淀湿地及其组成部分提取的综合方法,为利用遥感技术在白洋淀淀区内提取湿地及相关信息提供了方法借鉴。     

Environmental tracers and indicators bringing together groundwater,surface water and groundwater-dependent ecosystems: importance of scale in choosing relevant tools

Groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interactions cover a broad range of hydrogeological and biological processes and are controlled by natural and anthropogenic factors at various spatio-temporal scales, from watershed to hyporheic/hypolentic zone. Understanding these processes is vital in the protection of groundwater-dependent ecosystems increasingly required in water resources legislation across the world. The use of environmental tracers and indicators that are relevant simultaneously for groundwater, surface water and biocenoses–biotope interactions constitutes a powerful tool to succeed in the management task. However, tracer type must be chosen according to the scale of interest and tracer use thus requires a good conceptual understanding of the processes to be evaluated. This paper reviews various GW–SW interaction processes and their drivers and, based on available knowledge, systemises application of conservative tracers and semi-conservative and reactive environmental indicators at different spatial scales. Biocenoses–biotopes relationships are viewed as a possible transition tool between scales. Relation between principal application of the environmental tracers and indicators, examples and guidelines are further proposed for examining GW–SW interactions from a hydrogeological and biological point of view by demonstrating the usability of the tracers/indicators and providing recommendations for the scientific community and decision makers.