广东东莞不同类型云的雨滴谱和降水特征

利用设置在东莞站的Parsivel激光降水粒子谱测量系统于2010年获取的观测资料,对数据有效性进行验证并开展15次降水的特征参量分析。层状云降水（S）、积层混合云降水（M）、积雨云降水（C）各选取两次典型过程,对各种特征参量之间的相关性和雨滴谱特征进行细致分析,结果表明：平均粒子直径、平均雨强、平均雨水含量、过程最大立方根直径、过程最大雨强的分布规律明显,基本遵循“C>M>S”的规律;同种类型降水的雨滴谱型非常接近,层状云存在单峰谱,混合云和积状云是明显的双峰谱或多峰谱; M、C型降水的大雨滴明显多于S型降水;雨水含量与雨强的相关性最好,雷达反射率因子与雨强的相关性次之;层状云降水主要为1 mm以下小粒子,积状云和积层混合云降水雨滴谱宽较大,1 mm以上大粒子数浓度较大。     

基于双多普勒雷达及闪电资料分析一次强降水过程

为进一步了解多普勒雷达及闪电资料在中小尺度天气系统方面的应用以及降水系统动力结构的研究,利用合肥和阜阳两部S波段多普勒雷达资料,通过两步变分反演法反演双雷达,并采用模糊逻辑算法进行云类型识别,再结合垂直累计液态水含量VIL、降水和闪电分布特征,分析了2010年6月7-10日发生在安徽合肥和阜阳的一次持续性强降水过程。结果表明:此次持续性强降水过程与风场的低层辐合和高层辐散、风场的气旋性旋转以及水平风切变相关;此次降水过程是以层状云降水为主的积云混合云降水;另外,以降水为主的层状云,其闪电频数低且以负闪为主,闪电之后20 min左右出现强降水;此次暴雨的VIL值不是很大,强降水区对应的VIL值基本3 kg·m-2;云识别结果、降水区、VIL值与雷达回波强度之间的对应关系较好。     

山西汾阳地区层状云和对流云降水雨滴谱特征

基于多普勒天气雷达和OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪资料对山西汾阳地区2次降水进行分析,对比对流云和层状云降水的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:层状云降水雨滴平均数浓度和雨强分别为286.20个·m~(-3)和1.33 mm·h~(-1),对流云降水雨滴平均数浓度和雨强分别为516.13个·m~(-3)和10.17 mm·h~(-1);对流云降水雨强主要由降水粒子数浓度决定,直径为1—2 mm的粒子对2种云系雨强贡献最大;2种云系不同雨强下雨滴谱分布和雨滴平均谱分布均呈单峰型,对流云降水雨滴平均谱宽大于层状云降水雨滴平均谱宽,Gamma分布对2种云系降水平均谱拟合均存在一定偏差;通过雨滴谱计算的雷达反射率因子估算降水会造成对降水的低估。     

山西地区一次层状云降水过程的微观特征观测分析

针对山西省2010年5月27日一次层状云降水过程,利用机载DMT探头和Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪进行探测试验,分析了云微物理特征,并对空中和地面雨滴谱进行比较。结果显示：空中云垂直和水平结构分布不均匀,CDP、CIP探测最大粒子浓度分别为165．20、1．08cm^（-3）。地面雨滴微物理量的平均值说明本次降水是典型的层状云降水,雨强主要由雨滴数密度决定,雨滴微物理参量随时间分布不均匀。建立地面雨强,与雷达反射率因子Z、雨水含量W、雨滴数浓度N、Gamma分布的谱参数眠、A的相关关系,Z-I、W-I,相关性很好,N-I、N_0-I、λ-I,相关性较差。地面平均雨滴谱较空中平均雨滴谱窄、谱型陡。结合粒子图像和雨滴特征量分析空中雨滴谱随高度的分布发现,本次降水是冷云和暖云降水共存。     

哈尔滨春夏季地面雨滴谱特征分析

本文采用滤纸法观测到的2003年和2004年绥化地面雨滴谱资料,利用称重法得到的地面降水量资料以及2003～2006年哈尔滨雷达站观测到的新一代天气雷达资料。分析了地面雨滴谱谱型、雨强、含水量以及雷达回波强度随时间的变化、雨滴各档尺度对总雨强的贡献等宏、微观特征,雨滴直径和斑迹直径、斑迹面积之间的关系。通过对地面雨滴谱观测和资料处理方法的研究以及获取资料的分析得出以下结论：在不同直径雨滴对地面雨强的贡献分析中发现,贡献较大的降水粒子直径集中在0.7～1.3 mm,也就是说这一范围的雨滴直径对地面降水贡献最大,起主要作用;雨强、含水量和雷达回波强度随时间的变化步调保持一致;层状云的降水谱比较窄,积层混合云较宽;层状云的降水强度范围较窄,对流云的降水强度范围较大,混合云居中;对于层状云降水,M-P分布拟合的效果比较好,混合云效果稍差一些,但也符合M-P分布。     

辽宁地区不同降水云系雨滴谱参数及其特征量研究

利用位于辽宁省沈阳市和辽阳市的Parsivel（Particle Size and Velocity）激光雨滴谱仪观测到的雨滴谱资料按照积雨云降水系统、积层混合云降水系统和层状云降水系统分析雨滴谱特征量和谱参数的平均特征及随时间的演变特征。结果表明:Gamma分布拟合谱参数N₀和λ按照层状云、积层混合云和积雨云的顺序减小,谱参数μ按照层状云、积层混合云和积雨云的顺序增大;直径小于1 mm的降水粒子对数浓度的贡献最大,直径大于1 mm的降水粒子对雷达反射率的贡献最大;M-P分布的谱参数N₀与雨强I具有幂函数关系,并且随着雨强I的增大而增大,谱参数λ与雨强I具有指数函数关系,随着雨强I的增大而减小。     

垂直累积液态水含量应用拓展浅析

利用吉林省2003、2004年多普勒雷达资料，对层状云连续性降水和对流云降水整层垂直累积液态水含量(Vertically Integrated Liquid Water，简称VIL)及0℃层上、下层VIL的分布特点进行了分析，指出VIL可应用于人工增雨作业区域的选择、暴雨和强风暴的分析以及降水机制等研究。     

微雨雷达在宁波典型降水过程中的表现特征

利用宁波微雨雷达(MRR)数据,进行仪器观测雨强评估,在此基础上,分析了宁波地区三次典型过程的雨滴谱和降水特征量分布情况,并对降水特征量在雨强预报中的应用做了初步分析。结果表明,MRR具备较可靠的降水观测能力,三次过程中雨滴粒子浓度均随雨滴直径增大而减小。西风槽和梅雨过程雨滴谱基本相似,液态水含量均较小且变化不明显;而台风"黑格比"雨滴粒子浓度更高,粒径范围更大,液态水含量显著提高且随高度降低而减小,粒子有效直径随高度降低明显增大,粒子数浓度明显减小,说明台风中雨滴碰并增长作用较强,大量小粒子相互碰并成大粒子。整层积分的液态水含量和整层平均的粒子有效直径对降水强度预报有较好的指示作用,二者变化均提前于降水强度变化约10min左右。     

空中、地面雨滴谱特征的观测分析

利用1982年7月9日宁夏银川站的一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了宁夏地区层状云降水过程中地面、空中的雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行对比。结果表明：地面雨滴谱以指数型为主（61.9%）,空中雨滴谱以多峰型为主（86.4%）;对于空中、地面雨滴平均谱,Gamma分布拟合的相关系数更高;地面雨滴谱中小滴较多,空中雨滴谱中大滴较多,可能受到碰并、蒸发、破碎的共同影响。研究地面雷达反射率因子Z、雨水含量W、雨滴数浓度N与雨强I的关系,Z-I关系和W-I关系的相关性很好,而N-I、N0-I、λ-I关系的相关性不是很好。     

一次拖曳型飑线过程雨滴谱演变特征研究

利用Thies激光雨滴谱仪观测资料和CINRAD/SA多普勒雷达观测资料,分析了2017年7月18日一次典型中纬度拖曳型飑线过程不同发展阶段雨滴谱和积分参数的演变特征,主要结果为：1）成熟飑线回波包括对流带、过渡区和拖曳层状云区三部分,对流带前侧不断有对流带生成并合并到主对流带中,使得对流带的前沿具有强的反射率因子,并且有多个雨强大值中心。2）垂直穿过飑线对流带,雨强增加阶段有较少的小粒子（直径小于1 mm）和特大粒子（直径大于5 mm）,以及较低的雨滴浓度和反射率因子,而雨强减弱阶段有较多的小粒子和特大粒子,以及较高的雨滴浓度和反射率因子;飑线加强阶段,雨滴谱有较大的峰值直径（0.44 mm）、较多的大（直径大于3 mm）和特大粒子,而飑线减弱阶段,雨滴谱有较小的峰值直径（0.19 mm）、较少的大粒子。3）对流带、过渡区和层状云降水雨滴谱的Gamma谱三参数N0、μ、λ随雨强增大有明显的分层特征,相同雨强时,对流云和过渡区降水的三参数比层状云降水的数值大;而飑线不同发展阶段、不同降水类型的λ-μ关系具有一致性,二次多项式可以很好地拟合λ-μ关系。4）归一化雨滴谱参数NW和D0的分布可以用来区分对流云和层状云降水,并给出了新的分离线方程;另外,飑线在发展和减弱阶段的雨滴谱特征有明显差异,表明飑线演变过程降水形成的微物理机制发生变化,前期冷云过程有重要影响,而后期暖云过程起主导作用。     

石家庄地区一次秋季冷锋云系垂直微物理结构的观测研究

利用2008年10月4～5日石家庄一次降水性层状云系的飞机探测资料,结合实时天气、卫星、雷达等资料,分析了降水过程的天气背景条件、降水初期云中的液态含水量、云粒子平均直径和粒子谱等要素的垂直分布与变化特征,以及云系的垂直微物理结构。结合云中冰雪晶二维粒子图像的增长和地面降水特征,初步探讨了该层状云系降水形成的物理机制。...     

Relationship between cloud characteristics and radar reflectivity based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observations

Cloud properties were investigated based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observation conducted at Yitong, Jilin, Northeast China. The aircraft provided in situ measurements of cloud droplet size distribution, while the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar vertically scanned the same cloud that the aircraft penetrated. The reflectivity factor calculated from aircraft measurements was compared in detail with simultaneous radar observations. The results showed that the two reflectivities were comparable in warm clouds, but in ice cloud there were more differences, which were probably associated with the occurrence of liquid water. The acceptable agreement between reflectivities obtained in water cloud confirmed that it is feasible to derive cloud properties by using aircraft data, and hence for cloud radar to remotely sense cloud properties. Based on the dataset collected in warm clouds, the threshold of reflectivity to diagnose drizzle and cloud particles was studied by analyses of the probability distribution function of reflectivity from cloud particles and drizzle drops. The relationship between reflectivity factor (Z) and cloud liquid water content (LWC) was also derived from data on both cloud particles and drizzle. In comparison with cloud droplets, the relationship for drizzle was blurred by many scatter points and thus was less evident. However, these scatters could be partly removed by filtering out the drop size distribution with a large ratio of reflectivity and large extinction coefficient but small effective radius. Empirical relationships of Z-LWC for both cloud particles and drizzle could then be derived.     

降水条件下的云雷达与微波辐射计反演液态水含量对比分析

为了发展云雷达与微波辐射计联合反演液态水含量的方法, 利用2019年4—9月中国气象科学研究院在广东龙门开展的综合观测试验中的双波段云雷达和微波辐射计数据, 首先检验了在降水条件下微波辐射计天顶观测和斜路径观测两种探测模式反演温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)、液态水含量(LWC)和液态水路径(LWP)的合理性, 然后分析了两种探测设备反演LWC和LWP的差别。得到以下结论: (1)微波辐射计在斜路径观测模式下反演的产品受降水影响较小, 其反演结果明显优于天顶观测模式; (2)两种探测设备反演的LWP相关性较好且随时间变化较为一致, 但云雷达反演LWP与平均回波强度有明显相关, 随着雷达回波强度的增大, 云雷达与微波辐射计反演的LWP之比越大; (3)两种探测设备反演的LWC相关性较差且存在明显偏差, 在不考虑融化层的情况下单波段云雷达反演LWC与微波辐射计随高度变化趋势相近, 双波段云雷达反演LWC与微波辐射计反演结果在1 km及其以上区间存在明显差异。      

利用双频微波辐射计测空中水汽和云液水含量的个例分析

利用23.8GHz和31.65GHz双频地基微波辐射计观测资料,结合卫星云图、雷达、探空和自记雨量计等资料分析了2005年4月在河南新乡观测的不同云系影响时大气垂直积分含水量(V)和云中液态含水量(L)的演变特征,对4月8日低槽云系影响时V、L的特征进行了分析。结果表明:双频辐射计对空中水汽和液态水反映灵敏,不同天气背景时对应有不同的V、L值分布。云液水含量L的变化与云量的增减有关。降水开始之前,水汽含量V值有明显波动,液态水含量L值也有明显增加,一般增大到0.4mm时即出现降水。这些现象对降水开始有指示意义,可预测云系正处于降水产生的阶段,可应用于人工增雨作业。此外,根据微波辐射计观测资料分析了大气水汽、云液水和地面降水之间的定量关系,云中液态水仅占汽态水的8.7‰左右,落回地面的降水占空中水汽量的18%左右。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER CONTENT BY SPACE-BORNE COMBINED RADAR-RADIOMETER*

A retrieval method of microwave(MW) space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined radar-radiometer is suggested.A three-layer cloud model is chosen to represent the typical stratified precipitating cloud.The retrieval method mainly follows our previously suggested scheme with some modifications.Numerical comparative study shows that in space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined method is much better than by radar only;Also the retrieval accuracy of cloud liquid water content may be improved when using the three-layer cloud model in the combined method.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER CONTENT BY SPACE-BORNE COMBINED RADAR-RADIOMETER

A retrieval method of microwave(MW)space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid watercontent by the combined radar-radiometer is suggested.A three-layer cloud model is chosen torepresent the typical stratified precipitating cloud.The retrieval method mainly follows ourpreviously suggested scheme with some modifications.Numerical comparative study shows that inspace-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined method is much betterthan by radar only;Also the retrieval accuracy of cloud liquid water content may be improvedwhen using the three-layer cloud model in the combined method.     

Application of aircraft observations over Beijing in cloud microphysical property retrievals from CloudSat

Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.The cloud lognormal size distributions derived from 12 flights over Beijing,China,in 2008-09 were characterized to evaluate and improve regional CloudSat cloud water content retrievals.We present the distribution parameters of stratiform cloud droplet （diameter ＜500 tm and ＜1500 μm） and discuss the effect of large particles on distribution parameter fitting.Based on three retrieval schemes with different lognormal size distribution parameters,the vertical distribution of cloud liquid and ice water content were derived and then compared with the aircraft observations.The results showed that the liquid water content （LWC） retrievals from large particle size distributions were more consistent with the vertical distribution of cloud water content profiles derived from in situ data on 25 September 2006.We then applied two schemes with different a priori data derived from flight data to CloudSat overpasses in northern China during April-October in 2008 and 2009.The CloudSat cloud water path （CWP） retrievals were compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） liquid water path （LWP） data.The results indicated that considering a priori data including large particle size information can significantly improve the consistency between the CloudSat CWP and MODIS CWP.These results strongly suggest that it is necessary to consider particles with diameters greater than 50 tm in CloudSat LWC retrievals.     

Comparison of cloud properties between cloudsat retrievals and airplane measurements in mixed-phase cloud layers of weak convective and stratus clouds

Cloud microphysical properties including liquid and ice particle number concentration (NC), liquid water content (LWC), ice water content (IWC) and effective radius (RE) were retrieved from CloudSat data for a weakly convective and a widespread stratus cloud. Within the mixed-phase cloud layers, liquid-phase fractions needed to be assumed in the data retrieval process, and one existing linear (p1) and two exponential (p2 and p3) functions, which estimate the liquid-phase fraction as a function of subfreezing temperature (from -20°C to 0°C), were tested. The retrieved NC, LWC, IWC and RE using p1 were on average larger than airplane measurements in the same cloud layer. Function p2 performed better than p1 or p3 in retrieving the NCs of cloud droplets in the convective cloud, while function p1 performed better in the stratus cloud. Function p3 performed better in LWC estimation in both convective and stratus clouds. The REs of cloud droplets calculated using the retrieved cloud droplet NC and LWC were closer to the values of in situ observations than those retrieved directly using the p1 function. The retrieved NCs of ice particles in both convective and stratus clouds, on the assumption of liquid-phase fraction during the retrieval of liquid droplet NCs, were closer to those of airplane observations than on the assumption of function p1.     

应用LAPS资料分析安徽沿淮一次短时暴雨特征

利用LAPS系统融合分析资料对安徽沿淮一次短时暴雨过程进行中尺度天气分析,探讨降水过程成因机制及天气结构特点,同时验证LAPS分析资料的实用性。结果表明：过程主要影响系统为中尺度气旋式涡旋,其向安徽北部沿淮地区移动为暴雨的发生、发展提供了触发机制。雷达降水回波主要出现在850hPa中尺度涡旋南侧以及700hPa槽前西南气流辐合上升运动过程中,持续的低空急流及其带来的水汽共同为暴雨过程提供了水汽条件和动力机制。比较雷达回波发展和云中液态水含量演变发现,云中液态水含量极大值区多出现在雷达回波单体的新生区域,借助于LAPS云中液态水含量分布结果对预测雷迭回波发展趋势及降水分布有借鉴作用。