梅雨锋暴雨中尺度对流系统结构模型的双多普勒雷达研究

使用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术对2003年6月26-27日合肥和马鞍山多普勒雷达探测到的江淮梅雨锋大暴雨资料进行了三维风场反演,对其中β和中γ尺度三维动力结构进行了研究.结果表明,中β尺度对流系统(MβCS)及其上的中γ尺度对流云团是此次暴雨的主要降水系统.中低层的中β尺度辐合线对此次暴雨的触发、发展、维持具有重要作用,随着辐合带的逐渐减弱,强降水也逐渐减弱.中尺度对流系统低层的正涡度大值区与辐合中心有较好的对应关系,并且对应地面的强降水区.文中还给出了此次暴雨的三维动力结构模型.     

层状云和对流云的雷达识别及在估测雨量中的应用

参考“峰值法”建立了利用新一代多普勒天气雷达回波强度识别混合型降水过程中层状云和对流云的方法,分析了反射率阈值和影响半径的变化对识别效果的影响,检验了识别效果,并分析该方法在雷达估测降水中的应用。表明本文所建立的暴雨中层状云和对流云识别方法基本合理,配合云的垂直结构分析大部分地区识别的效果较好,同时通过该识别方法对合肥2002年6月19日一次强降水天气过程的估测降水的应用,表明只按层状云的Z-I关系估测的雨强,相对于识别对流云和层状云后分别按各自的Z-I关系估测的单点雨强,其最大差别约达37%,相应的面雨量也有一定的差别;对流云的多少对发展的中尺度对流系统的雨强有很大影响,这次混合型降水过程以对流云降水为主。对流云和层状云是形成暴雨的重要因素,准确地识别两者,对估测降水的精度会有积极作用。     

华北一次强降水过程的分阶段对比分析

利用GPS可降水量、多普勒天气雷达和地面加密自动站等高时空分辨率资料,对2011年6月23-24日发生在京津冀的强降水天气过程的不同阶段进行了对比分析.结果表明:(1)第一阶段降水为时间短、强度大的积状云对流降水;GPS可降水量的峰值与强降水对应,在降水之前6h左右会有GPS可降水量峰值出现;在空间分布上,高值中心的演变表现为东移南压趋势.(2)第二阶段降水表现为持续时间较长的系统性降水;雷达回波以大面积层状云降水回波为主;此阶段的GPS可降水量长时间维持在高值阶段,空间分布上GPS可降水量等值线“南高北低”并逐渐南压,西部GPS可降水量明显偏高.(3)在液态水与气态水对比上,雷达VIL随时间的变化不连续,而GPS可降水量表现为连续性演变,二者的峰值或高值对应较好,二者均可反映降水出现时间和降水性质,其中雷达VIL大值与降水出现时段吻合得好,而GPS可降水量的大小和演变趋势可以提前预示降水的出现时间和降水性质,对降水天气预报有指示意义.     

安徽闪电与雷达资料的相关分析以及机理初探

WSR-98D多普勒天气雷达和新型闪电定位仪是监测灾害性天气十分有效的手段,利用合肥多普勒天气雷达的物理量产品和中国科技大学研制的新型闪电定位仪资料,对2001年7月24日、2002年5月27日、2004年4月6日发生在安徽省的冰雹和强降水的3次天气过程的闪电与雷达回波特征做相关性分析和机理初探,发现一些有意义的统计规律：（1） 闪电发生的数目和变化与回波顶高（ET）有较好的对应关系, 而与垂直含水量积分（VIL）对应关系不明显;（2） 强对流天气的云地闪中正地闪与负地闪发生频次相当,甚至超过负地闪,但正地闪比较分散,负地闪比较集中,闪电发生的位置与强回波位置不一致,云下一般存在一个次正电荷层;（3） 强降水天气的负地闪占优势,闪电发生的位置比较集中并且与强回波位置一致,云下没有正电荷层;（4） 垂直累积液态水含量（VIL）和回波顶（ET）很小处出现的闪电是由云砧和对流云分裂的碎云产生的.     

宁夏北部一次短时暴雨中尺度对流系统的特征分析

利用自动站、闪电定位信息、多普勒雷达、卫星黑体亮温等气象资料,对2008年7月18日夜间宁夏石炭井的短时暴雨天气进行了分析。结果表明：此次单站短时暴雨是在“西高东低”的环流背景下,受东北冷涡后部横槽和低值系统影响,由两个相对较强的对流单体先后影响而后合并维持造成的。中尺度对流系统在宁夏北部持续时间近6h,云项亮温梯度最大值维持在石炭并一带;对应3次强降水时段,雷达回波强度、回波顶高、VIL出现了3次峰值,径向速度出现了气旋式辐合和逆风区结构,逆风区出现时间较强降水出现提前了20～30min,与强降水的发生、发展和减弱有较好的对应关系;闪电发生高密度区位于降水中心前缘,闪电频率突然增大时间较强降水出现超前1h。     

沿海地区一次中尺度对流系统闪电活动及降水结构

利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达,微波成像仪,闪电成像仪等探测数据,研究了2010年8月5日发生在江苏北部一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)的降水结构和闪电活动之间的关系.结果表明:MCS在发展阶段,对流云降水面积与层状云降水区相当;在减弱阶段,层状云降水区面积远大于对流云降水区.MCS的生命史中,大部分闪电发生在对流云区,仅有少数闪电发生在层状云区,在减弱阶段闪电多发生在对流云和层云的过渡区中.发生闪电的层云和对流云降水垂直廓线表明:在MCS的发展成熟和减弱中在4 km高度,层云降水率都达到最大值;在对流云降水区中发生闪电主要与对流云上空含丰富的冰相粒子和对流云发展厚度(顶高达17 km)有关.研究还表明闪电数目最大值一般回波强度在35～45 dBz之间,并非回波越强闪电越多.闪电主要发生在40～50 dBz之间,且明显向强回波区趋近,这对我们利用雷达回波预警闪电落区具有一定的参考意义.     

2010年7月31日吉林省东南部短时强降水过程分析

利用吉林省加密站实时观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和吉林省白山观测站多普勒雷达等资料,对2010 年7月31日吉林省东南部的短时强降水天气过程进行初步分析。结果表明：500hPa平直锋区上短波扰动出现往往伴随强对流天气的发生;上冷下暖的热力垂直结构有利于低层辐合抬升;当风场引起的辐合抬升仅存在于底层时降水不会发生,故更需关注整层风场的结构变化;强降水水汽来自于暴雨区前期降水的积累,缺外来水汽的持续输送是此次强降水历时短的主要原因之一;小股冷空气入侵高温高湿气团是导致不稳定能量释放的主要原因,强降水落区对应于冷空气侵入高能区位置,强降水时段对应K指数由极大值减小的过程;多普勒雷达资料中雷达回波的强度和缺口、径向速度的强度和零线形状、以及逆风区对预报短时强降水具有很好的指示意义。     

使用VIL选择人工增雨作业区域

本文利用长春多普勒雷达资料,分析了层状云降水整体VIL及0℃层上、下VIL的分布特点,指出VIL较雷达强度回波更适用于人工增雨作业区域的选择,0℃层上部VIL对北方人工增雨作业区域的选择更具指导意义。     

一次局地短时强降水的成因和预报误差分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2016年8月6—8日潍坊一次强对流天气的成因和预报误差进行了分析,结果表明：1）500 hPa冷涡底部低槽、850 hPa低涡切变线和地面倒槽是主要影响天气系统, 数值预报对此次天气过程的影响系统预报偏差大,而预报员对数值预报依赖程度高是此次预报失误的主要原因;2）850 hPa以下强的水汽辐合是强降水发生的重要条件,低层辐合和高层辐散配置导致的强垂直上升运动是暴雨产生的动力机制,位势不稳定因中高层的冷空气入侵下沉得以加强;3）列车效应和强回波维持少动是造成短时强降水的重要回波特征,逆风区的发展和移动对于判断强降水的落区有指示作用,多普勒雷达反演风场中的中尺度辐合线是导致局地强降水发生的直接原因;4）风廓线雷达水平风场可以连续地反映降水过程中风场垂直结构及其变化,降水发生前探测高度明显升高,中高层冷空气侵入时间与强降水的时段相对应。     

降水性层云含水量跃变对应的微结构观测研究

利用长春2007年5月16日的一次层状云降水过程的飞机观测资料,并结合天气图、卫星云图及雷达回波等资料,综合分析了此次降水过程中粒子浓度、粒子谱、雷达垂直累积液态水（vertical integrated liquidwater,VIL）、微波辐射计积分液态水（liquid water content,LWC）以及地面雨强特征。研究表明,层状云微结构在水平方向上的起伏较大,出现两次典型的含水量跃变：第1次液态水跃变主要是因为粒子浓度增加;第2次液态水跃变是因为粒子浓度和粒子谱共同作用的结果;雷达VIL值和地面雨强两者呈正相关。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.