Assimilation of Polarimetric Radar Data Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter for the Analysis and Forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar

This study explores the potential for directly assimilating polarimetric radar data (including reflectivity Z and differential reflectivity ZDR) using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to improve analysis and forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar (2018). Ewiniar weakened but brought about heavy rainfall over Guangdong, China after its final landfall. Two experiments are performed, one assimilating only Z and the other assimilating both Z and ZDR. Assimilation of ZDR together with Z effectively modifies hydrometeor fields, and improves the intensity, shape and position of rainbands. Forecast of 24-hour extraordinary rainfall ≥250 mm is significantly improved. Improvement can also be seen in the wind fields because of cross-variable covariance. The current study shows the possibility of applying polarimetric radar data to improve forecasting of tropical cyclones, which deserves more researches in the future.     

CAUSAL ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE INSHORE INTENSIFICATION OF SUPER TYPHOON “HATO”

This paper comprehensively analyzes the characteristics and cause of the inshore intensification of super typhoon "Hato", the 13 th super typhoon in 2017. The aspects of typhoon structure, evolution of large-scale circulation and physical quantity field are analyzed using observation data from the Guangdong Automatic Station, Shenzhen Doppler Radar data, NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data, NCEP 0.25°×0.25° sea surface temperature(SST) data, etc.Additionally, in order to investigate the influence of SST change on the intensity of "Hato", the WRF model and ECMWF 0.125°×0.125° reanalysis data are combined to conduct 3 sensitivity tests on"Hato". The results show that the favorable conditions for inshore intensification of "Hato"included the strengthening and westward extension of the subtropical high, continuous increase of low level moisture transport, an anomalous warm SST area north of 20°N in the South China Sea, an extreme divergence value in the northern South China Sea exceeding 6 ×10-5 s-1, and vertical environmental wind shear between 1.1 m/s-4.8 m/s. The intensity of"Hato"was very sensitive to changes in SST. When the SST rose or dropped by 2℃, the minimum central pressure of the typhoon changed by about 13 hPa or 11 hPa,respectively. SST indirectly influenced the intensity of the typhoon through affecting latent heat transport and sensible heat transport.     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF AN EXTREME RAINSTORM OVER THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION ON 7 MAY 2017 BASED ON WRF-ENKF

An ensemble Kalman filter based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-EnKF) is used to explore the effectiveness of the assimilation of surface observation data in an extreme local rainstorm over the Pearl River Delta region on 7 May 2017. Before the occurrence of rainstorm, the signals of weather forecasts in this case are too weak to be predicted by numerical weather model, but the surface temperature over the urban area are high. The results of this study show that the wind field, temperature, and water vapor are obviously adjusted by assimilating surface data of 10-m wind, 2-m temperature, and 2-m water vapor mixing ratio at 2300 BST 6 May, especially below the height of 2 km. The southerly wind over the Pearl River Delta region is enhanced, and the convergence of wind over the northern Guangzhou city is also enhanced. Additionally, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio and pseudoequivalent potential temperature are obviously increased over the urban region, providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of heavy precipitation. After assimilation, the predictions of 12-h rainfall amount, temperature, and relative humidity are significantly improved, and the rainfall intensity and distribution in this case can be successfully reproduced. Moreover, sensitivity tests suggest that the assimilation of 2-m temperature is the key to predict this extreme rainfall and just assimilating data of surface wind or water vapor is not workable, implying that urban heat island effect may be an important factor in this extreme rainstorm.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

气溶胶对冰雹云物理特性影响的数值模拟研究

利用RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)数值模式,研究了气溶胶数浓度的改变对半干旱地区春季出现的一次较大范围的降雹天气云微物理特性和降水过程的影响,模拟结果表明:(1)气溶胶对云中液态含水量垂直分布影响明显.气溶胶浓度改变使云中水成物的空间分布发生调整.(2)清洁大气环境...     

浅谈矿业活动对环境的影响

随着社会经济的发展,环境问题越来越突出。据统计,人类对环境的破坏每15年左右翻一番。而自然也对人类进行了报复,水土流失、“沙尘暴”现象、水体污染、草场退化、地面变形、采矿废石占地效应等愈来愈严重,     

强降水云物理过程的三维数值模拟研究

利用改进的三维完全弹性强对流云模式,模拟了1998年7月21日晨发生在武汉附近的特大暴雨个例,结果显示,该模式模拟得到的降雨量与实测接近,计算得到的雷达回波强度最大值也与实际观测相一致,说明该模式对实际对流性强降水具有较好的模拟能力.在此基础上,通过冷云和暖云两种不同情况的比较分析,研究了云微物理过程在强降水形成过程中的作用.模拟结果表明,详细云物理过程的考虑对深入理解武汉这次强降水的形成过程是有意义的.该个例雨水的形成主要是暖雨过程,冰相微物理过程对该对流性强降水过程的发展和演变有重要的促进作用.在形成雨水的冷相过程中,霰的融化及其在0 ℃层下碰并云水形成雨水的过程是主要的.模式云在0 ℃层附近存在明显的雷达回波亮带,亮带中间含有强回波核和及地下挂回波.分析表明,这种强回波核和下挂回波的产生主要是由于冰相粒子在0 ℃层融化形成的,融化的冰相粒子与云滴碰并又加速雨水的产生.在这些融化的冰相粒子中,贡献最大的是霰粒.文中还分析了该强降水暴雨云维持长时间强降水的云物理机制.在低层大气温暖高湿和环境风切变有利条件下,倾斜上升气流和下沉气流之间的准稳态结构可能是暴雨强降水得以长时间维持的重要原因.     

浅论黑龙江省的土地盐碱化

一、分布概况 黑龙江省的盐碱地主要分布在松嫩平原西部低洼闭流地带，总面积1887300hm^。其中松嫩平原分布面积1744000hm：，约占松嫩平原的14％，耕地盐碱化面积为567000hm^2。其中以安达和大庆两市盐碱化最为严重。安达市有盐碱化面积153740hm^2，耕地盐碱化面积34535hm^2，草原122806hm^2。     

东亚地区沙尘气溶胶影响硫酸盐形成的模式评估

利用STEM-II三维区域大气化学模式,耦合沙尘气溶胶表面相过程,研究了1994年3月1日至14日间东亚地区沙尘气溶胶对硫酸盐形成的影响。结果表明,SO2气体在沙尘气溶胶表面上进行的非均相氧化过程是硫酸盐形成的一条重要途径,由这条途径提供的硫酸盐占其总浓度的20%～50%。 并发现在模拟时段,沙尘暴过程主要影响沙尘源地下游的中国东部地区硫酸盐的分布,使得那里的硫酸盐浓度增加60%以上。