全身放射治疗对自体干细胞移植后造血重建的影响及其短期不良反应

目的 探讨自体干细胞移植预处理方案中使用全身放射治疗(TBI)对造血重建的影响及其短期不良反应。方法 对1990-2012年的103例自体干细胞移植患者进行回顾性分析,根据预处理方案不同分为TBI组和NTBI组(不含全身照射),比较两组造血重建的差异,及其相关短期不良反应的异同。结果 两组中性粒细胞植活中位时间均为12 d,TBI组血小板植活中位时间为11 d,而NTBI组为10.5 d,两组间差异无统计学意义,在短期不良反应上TBI组的口腔黏膜炎、胃肠道反应的发生率高于NTBI组(χ²=6.458、22.400,P<0.05),而在感染等方面两组差异无统计学意义。结论 预防治疗后TBI做为预处理方案较NTBI组未见较为严重的短期不良反应,有较好的耐受性。     

造血干细胞移植中预先全身照射对全身及造血系统的影响及并发症治疗

目的 探讨全身照射联合高剂量化疗对造血干细胞移植患者全身和造血系统影响的特点和治疗,为急性放射病的诊治提供临床经验。方法 回顾分析64例接受造血干细胞移植患者,系统观察急性照射及大剂量化疗后患者血液学改变及临床不良反应,并分析其骨髓重建特点。结果 移植相关病死率3.12%。移植后随访9～72个月 (中位随访时间26个月)。1、3、5年生存率分别为(95.8±3.3)%, (89.8±4.7)%和(81.7±6.9)%。全身照射联合高剂量化疗后,所有患者均出现了血液学不良反应,以白细胞及血小板下降最为明显,白细胞总数最低值为(0.18±0.13) ×10⁹个/L,血小板最低值为(14.48±8.85)×10⁹个/L;在造血干细胞支持及粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)应用后,均可恢复。此外患者不同程度出现消化道反应、感染、肝功能受损及出血等不良反应,经相关治疗后好转。结论以TBI联合高剂量化疗为预处理,随后进行造血干细胞移植,患者恶性血液系统疾病治疗效果好,并且其临床情况在一定程度上模拟了急性放射病的临床过程,为急性放射病的救治提供了一定的临床经验。     

细胞因子联合对4.5Gyγ射线照射比格犬造血损伤的治疗作用

目的 观察细胞因子组合对4.5 Gy γ射线照射比格犬造血系统损伤的治疗效果,为极重度骨髓型急性放射病的临床救治提供实验依据。方法 16只比格犬均给予4.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ射线全身照射,随机分为照射对照、综合对症和细胞因子3组。细胞因子组动物在综合对症支持治疗的基础上应用rhG-CSF、rhIL-11和rhIL-2联合治疗。2 d检测1次外周血象,分别于照射前4 d,照射后1和45 d收集骨髓和外周血进行造血细胞集落培养,制备胸骨病理切片观察组织形态学改变。结果 照射后各组动物外周血各类细胞数急剧下降,细胞因子联合治疗可提高白细胞最低值(1.04×10⁹/L,而照射对照组和综合对症组分别为0.28×10⁹/L和0.68×10⁹/L),缩短血小板减少持续时间(细胞因子组24 d,综合对症组33 d),使红细胞维持在正常值范围;照射后1 d骨髓及外周血中造血干细胞集落形成率明显下降,照射后45 d 2个治疗组造血干细胞集落数均恢复为照射前水平;照射对照组动物骨髓造血细胞完全消失,细胞因子治疗使得骨髓造血功能完全恢复,与照射前水平比较差异无统计学意义。结论 rhG-CSF、rhIL-11和rhIL-2联合应用可提高极期时外周血白细胞最低值,加速白细胞、血小板和红细胞恢复,促进4.5 Gy γ射线照射犬体内残留造血干/祖细胞的增殖、分化和成熟,从而加速造血功能的重建。rhG-CSF、 rhIL-11和rhIL-2不失为治疗极重度骨髓型急性放射病的有效措施。     

全身照射对造血干细胞移植后造血系统重建的临床分析

目的 分析比较全身照射对自体和异体造血干细胞移植后造血重建状况的影响。方法 对70例自体和异体造血干细胞患者移植后造血系统重建状况进行动态观察及分析。结果 两组患者移植后,粒细胞、血小板的下降与回升有一定规律性,自体移植组和异体移植组中性粒细胞恢复时间分别为14和16 d,血小板恢复时间分别为23和27 d,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但是无论自体或异体移植组中,外周血移植均较骨髓移植的造血系统重建时间短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);吸收剂量≥10 Gy者血小板重建时间较<10 Gy者缓慢(P<0.05);中性粒细胞恢复时间与吸收剂量无关。结论 在全身照射剂量条件相同情况下,自体和异体造血干细胞移植后造血系统重建状况差异无统计学意义,但是外周血造血干细胞移植较骨髓移植造血重建迅速,血小板恢复时间与吸收剂量有关。     

阿米福汀在造血干细胞移植全身放疗中对黏膜的保护作用

目的 探讨造血干细胞移植中应用阿米福汀对全身放疗患者的口腔及胃肠道黏膜的保护作用、对骨髓造血重建的影响、药物不良反应及安全性。方法 回顾性分析本院2012-2016年接受全身放疗为预处理方案的造血干细胞移植病例共计32例,其中全身放疗前应用阿米福汀病例14例,放疗前未应用阿米福汀病例（对照组）18例,比较两组患者预处理放疗后发生口腔黏膜炎、胃肠道黏膜炎、应用肠外营养情况、骨髓造血重建以及阿米福汀相关不良反应等情况。结果 阿米福汀组病例发生3~4级口腔黏膜炎比例（14.3%）明显低于对照组（77.2%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=10.62,P<0.05）。阿米福汀组患者发生2级及3级胃肠道黏膜炎比例分别为35.7%及61.5%,对照组发生2级及3级胃肠道黏膜炎比例分别为33.3%及66.7%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。阿米福汀组患者应用肠外营养比例为21.4%,对照组为38.8%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。阿米福汀组患者粒细胞植入中位时间为12 d,血小板植入中位时间为12.5 d,对照组患者粒细胞及血小板植入时间分别为11及13 d,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。本研究未发现阿米福汀相关明显不良反应。结论 全身放疗前应用阿米福汀可明显减少严重口腔黏膜炎的发生,且耐受性良好,对造血干细胞植入无明显影响。     

细胞因子联合对4.5 Gy γ射线照射 比格犬的实验治疗作用

目的 观察细胞因子新的组合(rhG-CSF+rhIL-11+rhIL-2)对骨髓型急性放射病(ARS)比格犬的治疗作用。方法 以4.5 Gy  ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射比格犬制备骨髓型ARS动物模型,动物分为照射对照(5只)、综合对症(5只)和综合对症加细胞因子治疗3组(6只),通过观察动物体征、存活时间、存活数以及动物造血及胃肠道等脏器的恢复情况,分析细胞因子联合治疗效果。结果 4.5 Gy  ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射后,比格犬出现食欲下降、发热、精神状态差和柏油便等症状,照射对照组动物于照射后2周内全部死亡,平均存活(12.7±1.4)d;综合对症组呈现明显的急性放射病症状,并于照射后第33天死亡1只;而综合对症加细胞因子组动物在45 d观察期内不仅全部存活,临床症状明显改善,且其造血功能及胃、肠道等受损组织基本恢复。结论 在综合对症基础上给予rhG-CSF+rhIL-11+rhIL-2组合治疗可以有效地促进4.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射比格犬造血系统功能和胃肠道等重要脏器的恢复,提高受照动物存活数,并改善动物生存质量。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞联合单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗急性放射病小鼠的实验研究

目的 观察人骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC）联合单倍体相合造血干细胞（HSC）移植治疗辐射重度造血损伤小鼠的效果。方法 60只C57BL/6（H-2b）与BALB/c（H-2d）杂交第1代[CB6F1（H-2b×d）]小鼠用⁶⁰Co γ射线8.0 Gy全身照射后,按照完全随机设计分为照射对照、HSC单移植和BMSC+HSC共移植3组,每组20只。检测移植后各组小鼠存活率、外周血象、骨髓病理、骨髓细胞集落形成以及移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）评分等指标。结果 照射对照组小鼠辐照后第10天全部死于造血衰竭,平均活存时间为（7.13±0.31） d。与单移植组相比,共移植组小鼠的移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）表现和病理改变均明显减轻,GVHD评分明显降低（t=3.677、4.330、5.303、3.578,P<0.05）;共移植组的生存率和生存时间明显高于单移植组（t=3.317、5.183,P<0.05）。单移植组小鼠移植后第28天WBC（6.51±1.38）×10⁹/L、PLT（749.56±190.72）×10⁹/L、RBC（8.15±0.74）×10¹²/L、Hb（115±10.44） g/L,回升程度低于正常水平。共移植组小鼠移植后第28天WBC（12.50±2.07）×10⁹/L、PLT（968.25±216.62）×10⁹/L、RBC（9.22±1.04）×10¹²/L、Hb（137.57±14.89） g/L,回升程度接近正常水平。单移植组小鼠外周血象的回升速度和恢复水平明显低于共移植组小鼠（t=6.665、3.164、3.011、2.520,P<0.05）。移植后第7天共移植组小鼠骨髓抑制程度较单移植组轻,第28天共移植组小鼠骨髓新生造血灶多于单移植组。共移植组小鼠骨髓CFU-E、BFU-E、CFU-GM、CFU-GEMM集落计数在辐照后第7和28天均明显多于单移植组（t=3.625、2.966、3.020、3.536,P<0.05;t=4.369、4.849、5.044、4.243,P<0.05）。结论 BMSC联合单倍体造血干细胞移植能促进急性骨髓型放射病造血重建及植入,降低GVHD的发生,提高移植成功率。     

细胞因子治疗4.5Gyγ射线照射比格犬造血损伤的机制初探

目的 探讨多种细胞因子配伍应用治疗4.5 Gy γ射线照射比格犬造血系统损伤的作用及可能机制。方法 16只比格犬均给予4.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ射线全身照射,随机分为照射对照、综合对症和细胞因子3组。细胞因子组在综合对症支持治疗的基础上应用rhG-CSF、rhIL-11和rhIL-2联合治疗,采用流式细胞术检测外周血中CD34+细胞含量、有核细胞周期及凋亡比例。结果 4.5 Gy γ射线照射犬外周血中CD34+细胞含量在照射后1 d明显下降(照射对照组和综合对症组分别为照前值的61.3%和52.1%),G₀/G₁期有核细胞比例增加(分别为99.27%和99.49%),且凋亡率(分别为26.93%和21.29%)和坏死率(分别为3.27%和4.14%)明显升高(与照前值比较, P<0.05);而经过细胞因子治疗后,外周血中CD34+细胞含量在照射后1 d即明显升高(为照前值的135.6%),G₀/G₁期有核细胞比例(99.71%)进一步增加,其凋亡率(5.66%)和坏死率(1.60%)明显低于照射对照和综合对症组。结论 本研究的细胞因子组合可能通过动员骨髓中CD34+细胞到外周血,使细胞周期阻滞在G₀/G₁期,减少细胞凋亡,从而促进极重度骨髓型急性放射病犬造血功能的恢复。     

间充质干细胞促进半相合骨髓移植治疗急性放射病小鼠的实验研究

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)促进半相合造血干细胞移植(haploid-SCT)治疗急性放射病小鼠的作用及机制。方法 ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射BALB/C(H-2^d)雌性小鼠8Gy,单独输注半相合CB6F1(H-2 bd) 雄性小鼠骨髓细胞1×10⁹/kg(I组),或联合CB6F1 雌性小鼠MSCs不同数量级1.5×10⁸/kg (a组)、5×10⁷/kg (b组)和2.5×10⁷/kg (c组)治疗,比较放射病小鼠的生存分析。同时,MSCs组小鼠尾静脉输注经cm-DiI膜染剂标记的CB6F1雌性小鼠MSCs和CB6F1雄性小鼠的骨髓细胞,与只输注CB6F1骨髓细胞的对照组比较,观察移植后不同时间供者细胞在受者骨髓的植入率、供者MSCs在受者体内发布、外周血象、T淋巴细胞亚群、胸骨骨髓病理和慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发生情况。结果 a组小鼠早期死亡率增加;b和c组存活率高于I组(P<0.05),但二组之间差异无统计学意义。移植后30 d,MSCs组受者骨髓的sry基因高于对照组。移植后MSCs主要集中在胸腺、骨髓、肝和小肠中,有形态改变。MSCs组的白细胞、血小板恢复较快。照射后15和30 d,MSCs组小鼠骨髓腔中的巨核细胞明显高于对照组。移植后7、14和30 d,MSCs组CD3高于对照组(P<0.05);移植后14和30 d,MSCs组CD4阳性细胞率和CD4/CD8值高于对照组(P<0.05)。MSC组慢性GVHD症状出现较对照组晚30 d。结论 MSCs通过促进干细胞植入,改善造血微环境,促进造血恢复,加快T淋巴细胞的恢复,延缓GVHD的发生时间和促进放射损伤的组织器官的修复,加强了半相合骨髓移植对急性放射病的治疗作用。     

低剂量全身照射在非清髓性干细胞移植中的临床研究

目的 观察非清髓性低剂量全身照射的临床效果和急性毒副作用。方法 2006年1月至2008年1月对27例异基因造血干细胞移植患者采用含有全身照射的非清髓预处理方案:全身照射(TBI)2 Gy,一次完成;受者原发病不同,受者机体状态、年龄、脏器功能以及供受者HAL相合情况等不同,使用的化疗方案也有不同,包括氟达拉宾、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、马法兰等。预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)采用:环孢霉素、霉酚酸酯。结果 造血重建情况: 27例均于移植后第4~8天外周血WBC降至(0.05~0.9)×10⁹/L。中性粒细胞计数>0.5×10⁹/L为8~22 d(中位数为10.5 d),血小板计数>30×10⁹/L为11~28 d(中位数为14.5 d)。1、2年生存率为85.2%(23/27)、77.8%(21/27)。发热率65%,10例发生感染。无出血性膀胱炎和肝静脉闭塞症等并发症。急性GVHD 4例(15%), 慢性GVHD 5例(19%)。随访3~22个月21例(77.8%)仍存活。结论 采用低剂量全身照射的非清髓性造血干细胞移植预处理方案简便安全,并发症少,适应证广;全身照射总剂量2 Gy,1次完成的方案是安全有效的,可以达到免疫抑制效果。     

The role of total body irradiation (TBI) as a conditioning regime for paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A discussion of the evidence

AimThe long term effects of TBI with children can be adverse and has resulted in a debate as to whether chemotherapy only based condition regimes could be used as an alternatives. The aim of this article is to critically evaluate the literature relating to the role of TBI as a conditioning regime in ALL in children, and if there are any alternatives to current practices or future developments.MethodKey databases were searched for terms: conditioning regimes, transplantation, TBI, whole body radiation, systemic irradiation, stem cell transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell, and transplant conditioning.ResultsThirteen research articles from a variety of publications and two guidance documents from several sources were uncovered for critical discussion.Discussion/conclusionThere is little evidence for chemotherapy only regimes in paediatric ALL, but the practice continues. Modulating doses to improve homogeneity and use of IGRT could hold a future solution to reducing long-term toxicity and maintain the efficacy of irradiation.     

造血干细胞移植治疗飞行人员急性白血病（摘要）

目的采用造血干细胞移植治疗4例空军飞行人员急性白血病,其中3例为急性非淋巴细胞性白血病,1例为急性淋巴细胞性白血病。方法自1993～2003年4例急性白血病飞行员接受造血干细胞移植治疗,3例接受自体外周血干细胞或自体骨髓移植,预处理方案为环磷酰胺（CY）／全身照射（TBI）,1例接受半相合异基因骨髓移植,预处理方案为CY／TBI／阿糖胞苷/噻替哌。     

Total-Body Irradiation—Role and Indications

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Total-body irradiation (TBI) is a key part of the conditioning regimen before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The exact role of TBI as part of the conditioning regimen is largely unclear. In order to determine the relevance of TBI, the status of TBI utilization was analyzed on the basis of a nationwide registry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 14,371 patients (1998-2002) documented in the German Stem Cell Transplantation Registry (DRST) were analyzed regarding TBI utilization prior to autologous or allogeneic transplantation, underlying disorder, type of donor, stem cell source, and size of the treatment center. RESULTS: For autologous HSCT approximately 10% of the patients (873/8,167) received TBI, with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL, approximately 80%, 171/214) and low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (l-NHL, approximately 35%, 330/929) being the most important disorders. In the allogeneic setting 50% of the patients (2,399/4,904) received TBI, with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL, 85%, 794/930), acute myeloid leukemia (AML, 45%, 662/1,487) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, 49%, 561/1,156) being the key indications. The type of donor, stem cell source and center size did not strongly influence the use of TBI. CONCLUSION: TBI has only a limited role for the conditioning prior to autologous HCST. For allogeneic HSCT TBI is widely accepted with no major changes over the observation time. The use of TBI is generally accepted for ALL, whereas approximately half of the patients with CML or AML received TBI. Although a considerably large database was analyzed, no clear determinants for the use of TBI could be distinguished.     

Total lymphoid irradiation and total body irradiation for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia

Between April 1980 and June 1989, 15 patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) were treated at Hyogo College of Medicine with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) after preparation consisting of cyclophosphamide (CY) and total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) or total body irradiation (TBI) for the purpose of reducing the incidence of graft rejection. All patients had initial evidence of engraftment after the first transplantation except for one patient who died of heart failure due to CY on the third day after transplantation and could not be evaluated for engraftment. Rejection later occurred in four of these 14 patients, who then underwent successful regrafting. One of these patients, who was conditioned with CY alone at the first grafting, underwent successful regrafting after a conditioning regimen of CY and TBI. In the other three patients, irradiation was performed twice as the conditioning regimen. Thus, 14 of 15 patients underwent successful BMT and are alive with restored hematopoietic function. From the above results, the combination of TLI or TBI and CY was considered to be very useful as a conditioning regimen for BMT in patients with SAA.     

Biologically Effective Dose in Total-Body Irradiation and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Total-body irradiation (TBI) is an important part of the conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with hematologic malignancies. The results after treatment with various TBI regimens were compared, and dose-effect relationships for the endpoints relapse incidence, disease-free survival, treatment-related mortality, and overall survival were derived. The aim was to define requirements for an optimal treatment schedule with respect to leukemic cell kill and late normal-tissue morbidity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was performed. Three randomized studies, four studies comparing results of two or three TBI regimens, and nine reports with results of one specific TBI regimen were identified. Biologically effective doses (BEDs) were calculated. The results of the randomized studies and the studies comparing results of two or three TBI regimens were pooled, and the pooled relative risk (RR) was calculated for the treatments with high BED values versus treatments with a low BED. BED-effect relationships were obtained. RESULTS: RRs for the high BED treatments were significantly lower for relapse incidence, not significantly different for disease- free survival and treatment-related mortality, and significantly higher for overall survival. BED-effect relationships indicate a decrease in relapse incidence and treatment-related mortality and an increase in disease-free and overall survival with higher BED values. CONCLUSION: "More dose is better", provided that a TBI setting is used limiting the BEDs of lungs, kidneys, and eye lenses.     

来那度胺对多发性骨髓瘤患者自体移植造血干细胞采集影响

目的探讨来那度胺对多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者自体移植造血干细胞采集的影响。方法回顾性分析北部战区总医院血液科2015—2020年采集外周血造血干细胞移植的42例MM患者的临床资料。按照年龄将患者分为年龄≤60岁组(n=24)与年龄>60岁组(n=18)。按照化疗疗程数将患者分为疗程<6次组(n=27)和疗程≥6次组(n=15)。比较两种化疗方案对造血干细胞采集的影响时,选取我院2018—2020年收治的32例MM患者为研究对象,并根据不同方案将其分为来那度胺、硼替佐米及地塞米松(RVD)组(n=10)与硼替佐米、环磷酰胺及地塞米松(BCD)组(n=22)。分析年龄、动员前化疗方案、动员前化疗疗程数与造血干细胞采集间的关系。结果 RVD组患者单个核细胞、CD34+细胞、首次采集成功率均低于BCD组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄>60岁组患者首次采集CD34+细胞计数低于年龄≤60岁组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。疗程<6次组患者首次采集CD34+细胞计数高于疗程≥6次组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论含有来那度胺的化疗方案会损伤造血干细胞,增加造血干细胞采集难度,尤其对于年龄>60岁患者,动员前含有来那度胺的化疗方案应慎用。动员前化疗疗程数应适中,过多的化疗会损害造血干细胞。     

Modelling hematological parameters after total body irradiation

Abstract

Purpose: The time- and dose-dependent reconstitution of hematopoiesis after radiation exposure is strongly related to the stem cell population and can be used to predict hematological parameters. These parameters allow further insight into the hematopoietic system and might lead to the development of novel stem cell transplantation models.

Materials and methods: CD4-/- C57Bl/6 mice, transgenic for human CD4 and HLA-DR3, were irradiated in a single (3, 6, 8 and 12 Gy) and fractionated (6 × 1 Gy, 6 × 1.5 Gy, 6 × 2 Gy; twice daily) dose regimen. Blood was analyzed weekly for red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBC). Organ and tissue damage after irradiation were examined by histopathology.

Results: The recovery curves for RBC, Hb, HCT and WBC showed the same velocity (< 1 week) for all radiation doses (3–12 Gy) starting at different, dose-dependent times. The only dose-dependent parameter was defined by the beginning of the recovery process (dose-dependent shift) and higher doses were related to a later recovery of the hematopoietic system. The RBC, Hb and HCT recovery was followed by a saturation curve reaching a final concentration independent of the radiation dose. Histological analysis of the bone marrow in the single dose cohort showed a dose-dependent reduction of the cellularity in the bone marrow cavities. The fractioned radiation dose cohort resulted in a regeneration of all bone marrow cavities.

Conclusion: Specific functions were developed to describe the reconstitution of hematological parameters after total body irradiation.