褪黑素固体脂质纳米粒的制备及理化性质

考察不同的处方对褪黑素固体脂质纳米粒粒径和包封率等理化性质的影响，并进行其体外释放实验。结果表明，以单硬脂酸甘油酯为脂质材料，乳化超声法制备固体脂质纳米粒，平均粒径为（62．4±1．5）nm，ζ电位为（-7．0±0．2）mV，平均包封率为（64．6±3．8）％；药物的体外释放符合Weibull模型。     

马钱子碱固体脂质纳米粒制备及质量评价

目的：以乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备马钱子碱固体脂质纳米粒并评价其质量。方法：在单因素考察的基础上以正交试验设计优化、筛选最佳处方。用透射电镜观察固体脂质纳米粒的形态,HPLC法测定马钱子碱固体脂质纳米粒的包封率,激光散射测定Zeta电位和粒度分布,并考察其稳定性。结果：所制固体脂质纳米粒外观形态圆整,平均粒径为116nm,Zeta电位为-29．98mv,包封率为50．7％,载药量为2．25％。4℃放置1个月,粒径、包封率无明显变化。结论：本研究制备的马钱子碱固体脂质纳米粒粒径分布窄,稳定性好,为开发马钱子碱低毒长效的制剂奠定了实验基础。     

青藤碱固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的：以山嵛酸甘油酯为载体材料制备青藤碱固体脂质纳米粒并评价其质量。方法：采用乳化蒸发一低温固化法制备青藤碱固体脂质纳米粒，以正交设计优化其处方和制备工艺。对其粒径、形态、表面电位、包封率等理化性质进行研究，并考察其稳定性。结果：所制固体脂质纳米粒外观形态圆整，平均粒径为208．7nm，Zeta电位为-38．5mV，平均包封率为65．7％。4℃放置2个月，粒径、包封率无明显变化。结论：青藤碱固体脂质纳米粒的制备，为开发其新制剂奠定了实验基础。     

阿克他利固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的以乳化蒸发一低温固化法制备阿克他利固体脂质纳米粒。方法在单因素考察的基础上以正交试验设计优化、筛选最佳处方和制备工艺。用透射电镜观察固体脂质纳米粒的形态，激光散射测定Zeta电位和粒度分布，高速离心法测定阿克他利固体脂质纳米粒的包封率。结果所制固体脂质纳米粒外观形态圆整，粒度分布为50～200am，平均粒径为120am，Zeta电位为一17．14mV，包封率为50．87％。结论阿克他利固体脂质纳米粒的制备，为开发阿克他利静脉注射被动靶向制剂奠定了试验基础。     

超临界辅助喷雾法用于固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的采用超临界辅助喷雾制粒法制备固体脂质纳米粒,并考察工艺与处方因素对纳米粒理化性质的影响。方法采用自制超临界喷雾制粒设备,制备硬脂酸脂质纳米粒,考察硬脂酸浓度、超临界流体CO2与载体溶液流量比、喷嘴孔径等对固体脂质纳米粒粒径的影响,筛选合适的处方工艺参数;以亲水性大分子药物胰岛素为模型药物,制备载药固体脂质纳米粒,评价纳米粒的粒径、电位、包封率、释放度等理化性质。结果制备得到的纳米粒粒径与载体浓度、超临界流体CO2与载体溶液流量比、喷嘴孔径有关,通过处方工艺的调节,可制得平均粒径〈300nm的固体脂质纳米粒;制得的胰岛素固体脂质纳米粒的平均粒径约300nm,包封率72．2％,载药量为3．44％,载药纳米粒在体外可实现12h缓慢释放;处方中加入泊洛沙姆可减小纳米粒粒径和粒度分布,但药物的包封率降低,并且突释现象更明显。结论超临界辅助喷雾制粒法可用于固体脂质纳米粒的制备,并能够对亲水性药物实现有效的包封和释放的调节。     

Box-Behnken效应面法优化姜黄素正负离子固体脂质纳米粒的处方

目的 采用Box-Behnken效应面法筛选姜黄素正负离子固体脂质纳米粒的最优处方.方法 采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备姜黄素的固体脂质纳米粒,以固体脂质的质量、卵磷脂的质量和混合表面活性剂为考察对象,以包封率和脂质载药量为考察指标,利用3因素3水平Box-Behnken效应面设计法筛选姜黄素固体脂质纳米粒的最优处方.结果 按最优处方制备固体脂质纳米粒的包封率为94.20％ ±2.55％、脂质载药量为3.49％±0.11％,平均粒径为194.9 ±12.0 nm,Zeta电位为-28.15 ±2.72 mV.结论 采用Box-Behnken效应面法优化姜黄素正负固体脂质纳米粒的处方是有效、可行的.     

甘草次酸固体脂质纳米凝胶的制备及体外透皮效应

目的制备甘草次酸固体脂质纳米凝胶并考察其体外透皮效应。方法采用微乳液法制备甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒并考察其包封率、粒径与表面电位,以研和法制备固体脂质纳米粒凝胶;采用改良Franz立式扩散池法进行体外透皮实验,HPLC法测定甘草次酸含量,评价甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒凝胶的经皮渗透结果。结果甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒外观为圆球形或椭球形;甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒的包封率为64.75%±1.36%,粒径范围(46.13±20.10)nm,电位分布范围为(-53.4±7.11)mV。24h甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒凝胶较甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒的累积透过量提高66%。结论甘草次酸固体脂质纳米粒凝胶能提高甘草次酸的透皮速率,有望成为甘草次酸透皮给药的新型制剂。     

大黄素固体脂质纳米粒的制备及理化性质研究

目的：制备大黄素固体脂质纳米粒,并对其理化性质进行研究。方法：用乳化一溶剂挥发法制得大黄素素固体脂质纳米粒,并对其粒径、形态、表面电位、包封率、体外释药性质等进行研究。采用全体液平衡反向透析法研究体外释药性质。结果：所制固体脂质纳米粒外观形态圆整,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径为253nm,电位为一25．4mV,包封率为（56．31±2．06）％。药物体外释放符合Weibull线性方程。结论：固体脂质纳米粒可作为大黄素新型缓释给药系统。     

咪喹莫特固体脂质纳米粒包封率的测定

目的:建立咪喹莫特固体脂质纳米粒包封率的测定方法。方法:采用热乳匀法制备咪喹莫特固体脂质纳米粒。用葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法分离含药固体脂质纳米粒与游离药物,以蒸馏水和1．0×10-3mol·L-1盐酸溶液为洗脱液,用HPLC法测定游离药物量。结果:凝胶柱色谱法能够将包封药物和游离药物分开。游离咪喹莫特在0．335-2．69μg·ml-1浓度范围内,线性关系良好(r=0．999 9)。游离药物柱回收率为98．6％,柱的加样回收率为97．7％。样品的平均包封率为(51．43±0．88)％。结论:该方法操作简便,结果准确,可用于咪喹莫特固体脂质纳米粒包封率测定。     

羟基喜树碱半固体脂质纳米粒的制备和体外释药特性

目的：制备羟基喜树碱的半固体脂质纳米粒（HCPT-SSLN），初步考察其体外释药规律。方法：采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备HCPT-SSLN；用激光粒度仪测定其粒径和ξ电位；考察其混悬液和冻千粉的物理稳定性；用透析法考察其体外释药性质。结果：HCPT-SSLN纳米粒平均粒径为130．5nm，裁药量为2．51％，包封率为79．19％，ξ电位为-33．1mV;室温（25℃）和4℃下放置6个月，纳米粒冻干粉和混悬液外观、粒径及包封率无明显变化；体外释药规律符合Weibull方程lnln[1／（1-Q）]=0．26331nt＋0．0509（R^2=0．9485）。结论：制备的HCPT-SSLN包封率高，稳定性好，大小均匀，体外释药具有缓释特点。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.