PLGA-PEG多孔载药微球的制备及超声波对其释药行为的影响研究

目的:以伊文思蓝为被包封物制备聚乳酸(LA)-羟基乙酸(GA)-聚乙二醇(PEG)嵌段共聚物(PLGA-PEG,PLGE)多孔载药微球,并研究超声波对药物体外释放的影响。方法:以LA-GA-PEG(63.00∶27.50∶9.50,m/m/m)为原料制备PLGE;以二氯甲烷为有机相,采用复乳法制备PLGE包封的伊文思蓝多孔载药微球。采用扫描电子显微镜对载药微球的形态进行观察;采用紫外分光光度法测定伊文思蓝的载药量和包封率;考察低频率(20 k Hz,40 W)超声波对其药物累积释放度的影响。结果:所制备的多孔载药微球成球规整,彼此不粘连,表面孔隙均匀,载药量为0.38%,包封率为89.92%;15 min时的累积释放度在超声和未超声条件下分别为2.76、0.91μg/mg。结论:PLGE可用作微球药物的载体,低频率超声波可促进微球内药物的释放。     

PLA-PEG-PLA的微波合成及其磁性载药微球的表征、释药性

目的 采用微波法合成PLA-PEG-PLA,并以该嵌段共聚物为基质制备ASA/PLA-PEG-PLA载药微球和ASA-Fe3O4/PLA-PEG-PLA载药微球,考察磁性载药微球和非磁性载药微球的药物缓释性能.方法 通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁(NMR)对微波法合成的PLA-PEG-PLA的微观结构进行了表征分析.采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备了ASA/PLA-PEG-PLA载药微球,通过正交设计实验优选载药微球的最佳制备条件,在此基础上利用单微乳法制备的Fe3O4纳米粒子制备了ASA-Fe3O4/PLA-PEG-PLA载药微球.通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对Fe3O4纳米粒子进行微观结构表征和性能分析.采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对制备的载药微球进行了微观结构的表征和分析.结果 微波法合成的PLA-PEG-PLA是一种三嵌段共聚物.载药微球呈规则球形,表面光滑,粒径分布较均匀,平均粒径约为20μm.体外模拟释药试验表明ASA/PLA-PEG-PLA载药微球和ASA-Fe3O4/PLA-PEG-PLA载药微球24h释药率分别为69.16％和100％.结论 以微波法合成的PLA-PEG-PLA作为药物载体具有明显的缓释作用.ASA-Fe3O4/PLA-PEG-PLA磁性载药微球比ASA/PLA-PEG-PLA非磁性载药微球具有较快的药物释放速率.     

氟尿嘧啶3种原位形成植入体的体外释放度研究

目的:考察处方和制备工艺对氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)3种原位形成植入体释药速度的影响。方法:以单甲基聚乙二醇-羟基乙酸共聚物(mPEG-PLGA)为材料制备温敏性凝胶,以聚乙二醇/乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA-PEG-PLGA)为材料制备原位形成凝胶剂,原位形成微球分别以PLGA-PEG-PLGA、聚乳酸(PLA)、端羧基聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA-C00H)为材料制备。采用UV法通过透析袋法测定体外释放度。结果:聚合物的浓度是影响原位植入体体外释放度的主要因素。除此外对于原位微球剂来说,N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)和油相的比例也是影响体外释放度的重要因素之一。3种原位形成植入体主要通过扩散机制释药,其中温敏性凝胶的释药速度最快,原位微球剂与原位形成凝胶剂相比,突释减小,释药速度降低。结论:原位微球剂的控释效果最理想,值得进一步研究。     

聚乳酸分子量对利福平聚乳酸微球性质的影响

目的 :考察聚乳酸分子量对利福平聚乳酸微球性质的影响。方法 :采用分散一溶媒扩散法制备利福平聚乳酸微球 ,测定微球的粒径分布和包封率 ,进行体外释药和稳定性试验。结果 :在本制备方法中 ,聚乳酸分子量对微球粒径分布的影响作用不明显 ;药物包封率随聚乳酸分子量增大而增加 ;聚乳酸分子量减小 ,微球体外释药速度加快。稳定性试验表明 ,微球在 4℃和室温 (2 0～ 2 5℃ )条件下性质稳定 :3 7℃条件下因聚乳酸软化 ,微球发生粘连聚集。结论 :应根据实验目的选择适宜分子量的聚乳酸 ,以获得所需性质的微球。     

乳化溶剂挥发法制备重组人血管内皮抑制素缓释微球

目的:制备重组人血管内皮抑制素(恩度)缓释微球,并对微球理化性质及体外释放行为进行初步考察。方法:采用乳化溶剂挥发法(W/O/O)制备恩度载药微球;对微球载药量、粒径、突释、体外释放速率及降解行为进行考察,同时利用凝胶电泳初步评价体外释放过程中恩度的完整性。结果:增加聚乳酸-羟基乙酸嵌段共聚物(PLGA)中羟基乙酸的比例、提高PLGA浓度、降低内水相体积、提高理论载药量均增加微球载药能力;降低内水相体积、提高分散速度均减小突释。增加PLGA中羟基乙酸的比例,30 d时累积释放可增加到65%。降解实验说明释放初期微球主要以扩散方式释放恩度,释放后期主要表现为微球的降解。凝胶电泳结果表明微球制备过程对蛋白质聚集性的影响不大。结论:用PLGA作为载体材料制备微球,可以延缓恩度的释放。     

聚乳酸的降解性能及其微球剂的研究

目的 :研究聚乳酸的降解性能和制备聚乳酸红霉素微球。方法 :将聚乳酸薄膜置于模拟体液中水解 ,用正交设计优选微球制备工艺。结果 :分子量高的降解比分子量低的慢 ,消旋聚乳酸的降解比左旋聚乳酸的快。微球形态圆整 ,性质稳定 ,平均粒径为(10 98±0 15) μm ,体外释药符合Higuchi方程 (Q=28 067 +3 8515T1/2,r=0 9834)。结论 :聚乳酸的降解与分子量和构型有关 ,微球具有明显的缓释作用和满足肺靶向药物的要求     

mPEG-PLA的合成及吡喹酮聚合物胶束的制备

目的 合成聚乙二醇单甲醚-聚乳酸(mPEG-PLA)嵌段共聚物,制备吡喹酮mPEG-PLA嵌段共聚物胶束,提高吡喹酮在水中的溶解度.方法 采用开环聚合反应合成mPEG-PLA嵌段共聚物,并通过IR、1H-HMR确证其结构;采用溶剂蒸发法制备共聚物胶束,分别用扫描电镜观察其形态,激光散射法测定其粒径,HPLC法测定其载药量、包封率及饱和溶解度.结果 制备了3种不同嵌段组成的共聚物胶束,扫描电镜下观察为近球形;共聚物胶束的粒径和载药量受有机溶剂种类和用量、共聚物嵌段比例等因素的影响;通过筛选得到有机溶剂为丙酮,油水比为1:4,共聚物嵌段组成为mPEG2000-PLA5000为最适条件;得到胶束的平均粒径为(34.5±5.1) nm,载药量为(19.6±1.8)％,包封率为(74.2±1.6)％.结论 mPEG-PIA聚合物胶束可作为疏水性药物吡喹酮的载体,具有较高的载药性能,能一定程度提高吡喹酮在水中的溶解度.     

辛伐他汀聚乳酸微球的制备及药剂学性质

目的:制备辛伐他汀聚乳酸微球,并考察其药剂学性质.方法:采用乳化挥发法制备辛伐他汀聚乳酸微球,用光学显微镜考察微球的粒径,用扫描电镜观察微球的形状和表面形态,用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和红外光谱法研究药物在载体中的分散状态及相互作用.结果:辛伐他汀聚乳酸微球的算术平均粒径为(42.1±2.3)μm(n=500),载药量为(22.4±0.3)%(n=3),药物包封率为(80.7±0.6)%(n=3).37℃时2种相对分子质量的聚乳酸(10 000和20 000)制备的微球体外累积释药量分别为92.68%和84.07%,释药动力学符合Higuchi方程.结论:辛伐他汀聚乳酸微球具有很好的缓控释能力.     

乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物的分子量及其单体组成比例对利培酮微球性质的影响

目的:制备利培酮-乳酸(LA)/羟基乙酸(GA)共聚物(R-PLGA)缓释微球,并对微球的性质及释放效果进行评价。方法:采用单乳溶剂蒸发法制备R-PLGA缓释微球;对微球的粒径分布、载药量、包封率、突释、体外释放等指标进行测定,考察PL-GA不同分子量和LA/GA不同单体组成比例对微球性质的影响。结果:所制微球外观圆整,分散良好。PLGA的单体组成比例以及分子量对微球性质尤其是释放速度有明显的影响。结论:可通过调节PLGA的分子量和LA/GA单体组成比例改变微球性质,以达到控制微球释放速率等预期目的。     

蛋白质/多肽药物聚乳酸/乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微球研究进展

缓释微粒给药系统是蛋白质/多肽药物传输系统的一个重要研究方向，聚乳酸和乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物是制备缓释微球最常用的载体材料。蛋白质/多肽药物聚乳酸/乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微球常用的制备方法包括溶剂萃取/挥发法(复乳法)、相分离法和喷雾干燥法。本文总结了微球制备中面临的难点如蛋白质/多肽药物稳定性、包封率、药物突释和药物吸附等问题，并综述了保持药物结构稳定性和生物活性、提高包封率、改善药物释放曲线等微球制备方法和进展。     

Microspheres made by w/o/o emulsion method with reduced initial burst for long-term delivery of endostar, a novel recombinant human endostatin

The purpose of this work is to design biodegradable Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres with low initial burst for sustained delivery of Endostar (a novel recombinant human endostatin) and investigate effects of PLGA molecular weight and composition on the release behavior of Endostar microspheres. Endostar microspheres were prepared by using novel w/o/o multiple emulsification-evaporation technique. Effects of polymer molecular weight and copolymer composition on particle properties and release behavior (in vitro and in vivo) have been reported. Drug release in vitro decreased with increase in molecular weight and lactide content of PLGA. Zero order release and low initial burst were obtained with all microsphere formulations. The in vivo performance of Endostar microspheres were also found to be dependent on the polymer molecular weight and copolymer composition. Together, these results suggest that the initial burst release can be reduced by w/o/o emulsion method and the release of Endostar can be changed significantly by varying the polymer molecular weight and copolymer composition.     

Preparation and characterization of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic Acid) microspheres containing flurbiprofen sodium

This study aimed to prepare biodegradable microspheres containing flurbiprofen sodium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), as the drug delivery system to the periodontal pocket. Microspheres were prepared from biodegradable copolymers of poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) using solvent evaporation method. The effects of the different copolymers and amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a dispersing agent on characteristics of the microspheres were evaluated. Although there was no correlation between microsphere size and amount of PVA, an optimum PVA concentration was essential to achieve narrower size distributions of microspheres. As the concentration of PVA increased, the drug loading of the microspheres increased. The effect of PVA on drug loading was found to be statistically significant for those microspheres prepared from PLGA 50:50 (p < 0.05). Regarding copolymer composition, PLGA 85:15 provided higher drug loading into the microspheres than PLGA 50:50 (p < 0.05). The recoveries of microspheres (60-80%) were affected neither by different PVA concentrations nor by copolymer compositions (p > 0.05). According to the first-order release rate constants of the microspheres, the microspheres of PLGA 50:50 released the drug at the highest rate consistently, with the highest hydrophilicity of this copolymer.     

Comparative study of some biodegradable polymers on the entrapment efficiency and release behavior of etoposide from microspheres

Etoposide-loaded biodegradable microspheres of poly lactic-co-glycolide (PLGA) 50:50, PLGA 75:25, and polycaprolactone (PCL) were prepared by simple o/w emulsification solvent evaparation method and characterized by size analysis and microscopy. The influence of drug to polymer ratio on the entrapment of etoposide was studied. Of all the three types of microspheres, polycaprolactone microspheres (PCL MS) showed the highest entrapment efficiency (94.64%), followed by PLGA 75:25 microspheres (PLGA 75:25 MS) (88.64%) and PLGA 50:50 microspheres (PLGA 50:50 MS) (79.19%). The drug to polymer ratio of 1:20 gave the highest entrapment efficiency for all the three types of microspheres. The in vitro release of etoposide from the three microsphere formulations were studied in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (pH 7.4 PB) containing 0.1% Tween 80. The microspheres showed an initial burst release, which was highest from the PLGA 50:50 MS and least from the PCL MS. PCL MS microspheres showed the lower and slow drug release than the remaining formulations. The release of etoposide from all the three microsphere formulations followed Higuchi's diffusion pattern. The microspheres in the dissolution medium for 28 days appeared irregular in shape and slightly fragmented.     

Effects of formulation factors on encapsulation efficiency and release behaviour in vitro of huperzine A-PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable huperzine A-PLGA microsphere for the chronic therapy of Alzheimer's disease, the microsphere was prepared by using an o/w emulsion solvent extraction evaporation method based on a series of formulation design of the emulsion. The dialysis method was used for release analysis. The encapsulation efficiency and release amount of the microspheres were determined by a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of the drug within microspheres was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that the PLGA 15?000 microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance with average particle size of 50?µm or so. The encapsulation percentages of microspheres prepared from PLGA 15?000, 20?000 and 30?000 were 62.75%, 27.52% and 16.63%, respectively. The drug release percentage during the first day decreased from 22.52% of PLGA 30?000 microspheres to 3.97% of PLGA 15?000 microspheres, the complete release could be prolonged to 3 weeks. The initial burst release of microspheres with higher molecular weight PLGA could be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of drug within microspheres. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres improved as the polymer concentration increased in the oil phase and PVA concentration decreased in the aqueous phase. The burst release could be controlled by reducing the polymer concentration. Evaporation temperature had a large effect on the drug release profiles. It had better be controlled under 30°C. Within a certain range of particle size, encapsulation efficiency decreased and drug release rate increased with the reducing of the particle size.     

Effects of formulation factors on encapsulation efficiency and release behaviour in vitro of huperzine A-PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable huperzine A-PLGA microsphere for the chronic therapy of Alzheimer's disease, the microsphere was prepared by using o/w emulsion solvent extraction evaporation method based on a series of formulation design of the emulsion. The dialysis method was used for release analysis. The encapsulation efficiency and release amount of the microspheres were determined by UV/VIS spectrophotometry. The morphology of the microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of the drug within microspheres was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that the PLGA 15 000 microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance with average particle size of 50 microm or so. The encapsulation percentages of microspheres prepared from PLGA 15 000, 20 000 and 30 000 were 62.75, 27.52 and 16.63%, respectively. The drug release percentage during the first day decreased from 22.52% of PLGA 30 000 microspheres to 3.97% of PLGA 15 000 microspheres, the complete release could be prolonged to 3 weeks. The initial burst release of microspheres with higher molecular weight PLGA could be explained by the inhomogeneous distribution of drug within microspheres. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres improved as the polymer concentration increase in oil phase and PVA concentration decreased in aqueous phase. The burst release could be controlled by reducing the polymer concentration. Evaporation temperature had a large effect on the drug release profiles. It had better be controlled under 30 degrees C. Within a certain range of particle size, encapsulation efficiency decreased and drug release rate increased with the reducing of the particle size.     

Polymer and microsphere blending to alter the release of a peptide from PLGA microspheres.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer and microsphere blending in achieving both a sufficient initial release and a desired continuous release of a peptide from poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Leuprolide acetate loaded hydrophilic 50:50 PLGA microspheres were prepared by a solvent-extraction/evaporation process and were characterized for their drug load, bulk density, size distribution, surface area, surface morphology, in vitro drug release, and in vivo efficacy. Combining PLGA polymers that varied in their molecular weights in various ratios yielded microspheres with varied drug release profiles commensurate with the hydration tendencies of the polymers. Increasing the component of lower molecular weight 50:50 hydrophilic PLGA polymer, 8.6 kDa increased the initial drug release. A similar microsphere formulation prepared instead with blending microspheres from individual polymers showed a similar increase. In an animal model, microspheres obtained from polymer or microsphere blends attained a faster onset of testosterone suppression as compared to microspheres from higher molecular weight 50:50 hydrophilic PLGA polymer, 28.3 kDa, alone. These studies illustrated the feasibility of blending polymers or microspheres of varied characteristics in achieving modified drug release. In particular the increased initial release of the peptide could help avoid the therapeutic lag phase usually observed with microencapsulated macromolecules.     

PLGA微球的制备及其用于脉冲给药的初步研究

目的：制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）微球,并考察其用于脉冲式释药系统的可行性。方法：以牛血清白蛋白（BSA）为模型药物,用S/O/W（Solid-in-oil-in-water）法和S/O/O（Solid-in-oil-in-oil）法制备PLGA（75：25）和PLGA（50：50）微球,比较2种方法制备的微球的表面形态、包封率及载药量等,并考察2种微球的体外释放行为。结果：S/O/W法和S/O/O法制备的微球均圆整、无粘连、形态良好,但S/O/W法制备的微球表面较为平整,而S/O/O法表面均匀分布有较大的凹陷。S/O/W法制备的PLGA（75：25）和PLGA（50：50）微球包封率分别为（60.15±5.95）%、（49.50±3.69）%,载药量分别为（2.56±0.25）%、（2.10±0.16）%,10h内药物释放均为10%左右,而后随着聚合物的降解药物的释放量突然增加;S/O/O法所制微球包封率分别为（84.36±1.11）%、（77.94±1.42）%,载药量分别为（3.58±0.05）%、（3.31±0.06）%,24h内药物释放均可达50%左右,而后呈现较为平稳的释放行为。S/O/O法制备的微球包封率及载药量均较S/O/W法高;S/O/W法制备的PLGA微球药物释放呈现一定的脉冲行为,其中PLGA（75：25）微球体外释放行为受微球粒径的影响较大。结论：S/O/W法制备的PLGA微球具有一定的脉冲式释药效果,微球的粒径最好控制在120μm以下。     

单剂HBsAg-PLGA控释疫苗微球小鼠体内免疫学研究

目的研究小鼠皮下注射重组乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)-乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)微球后的体内抗体应答水平和免疫学机制。方法采用复乳法制备疫苗微球后，单剂注射到BALB/c小鼠皮下，在一定时间内检测全抗体、IgG抗体亚型及细胞因子的应答水平。结果HBsAg-PLGA微球在小鼠体内主要引发体液免疫应答；其中单剂注射HBsAg-PLGA50/50-COOH微球在免疫早期产生较高免疫表达，6周后降低，全抗体水平显著低于常规铝佐剂疫苗(P<0.01)；分别单剂注射HBsAg-PLGA50/50微球及HBsAg-PLGA75/25微球后产生的免疫应答在18周内与铝佐剂疫苗相当(P>0.05)。结论PLGA微球作为乙肝疫苗的长效缓释可生物降解载体，具有一定潜在优势。     

Determinants of Release Rate of Tetanus Vaccine from Polyester Microspheres

Controlled-release formulations based on poly(lactic) (PLA) and poly(lactic/glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres containing tetanus vaccine were designed. The polymers forming the microspheres were L-PLA of different molecular weights and DL-PLGA, 50:50. These microspheres were prepared by two solvent elimination procedures, both using a double emulsion, and were characterized for size, morphology, and toxoid release kinetics. The influence of formulation variables such as polymer type, vaccine composition, and vaccine/polymer ratio was also investigated. Both techniques yielded microspheres with similar size, morphology, and release properties. Microsphere size was dependent on the type of polymer and the presence of the surfactant L--phosphatidylcholine, which led to a reduction in microsphere size. On the other hand, the release kinetics of encapsulated protein were affected by the polymer properties (ratio lactic/glycolic acid and molecular weight) as well as by the vaccine composition, vaccine loading, and microsphere size. Moreover, for some formulations, a decrease in microsphere size occurred simultaneously, with an increase in porosity leading to an augmentation of release rate. The changes in the PLA molecular weight during in vitro release studies indicated that release profiles of tetanus toxoid from these microspheres were only marginally influenced by polymer degradation. A significant fraction of protein (between 15 and 35%) was initially released by diffusion through water-filled channels. In contrast, the decrease in the PLGA molecular weight over the first 10 days of incubation suggested that erosion of the polymer matrix substantially affects protein release from these microspheres. Among all formulations developed, two differing in microsphere size, polymer hydrophobicity, and release profile were selected for in vivo administration to mice. Administration of both formulations resulted in tetanus neutralizing antibody levels that were higher than those obtained after administration of the fluid toxoid.