莫诺苷对晚期糖基化终末产物加重链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病肾病保护作用及其机制

目的探讨山茱萸Cornus officinalis中效应成分莫诺苷对晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)加重链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病肾病(DN)小鼠的保护机制。方法将STZ诱导成功的DN小鼠饲喂高AGEs饲料,并分别ig给予氨基胍(0.1 g/kg)、二甲双胍(0.2 g/kg)、卡托普利(0.02 g/kg)、莫诺苷低剂量(0.02 g/kg)和莫诺苷高剂量(0.10 g/kg)12周。检测空腹血糖、胰岛素、血清肌酐和尿素氮、血清和肾脏AGEs、24 h尿蛋白等指标,RT-PCR法检测肾组织中晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)m RNA表达,Westorn blotting法检测肾组织中RAGE蛋白表达,观察各组小鼠胰腺和肾脏的病理改变。结果莫诺苷可显著降低DN小鼠血糖,改善"三多一少"症状,增加胰岛素分泌,降低24 h尿蛋白、血清尿素氮和肌酐、血清和肾脏AGEs水平,缓解胰腺及肾脏病变,下调肾皮质RAGE m RNA和蛋白的表达。结论莫诺苷具有保护DN小鼠的作用,且高剂量作用较优,其相关机制可能与降低血清、肾脏AGEs水平,下调肾皮质RAGE m RNA和蛋白的表达有关。     

绞股蓝皂苷对晚期糖基化终末产物诱导人肾小球系膜细胞晚期糖基化终末产物受体表达及氧化应激水平的影响

目的观察绞股蓝皂苷(GP)对晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)诱导下人肾小球系膜细胞(HMCs)中晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)表达及氧化应激水平的影响。方法用含13%FBS的DMEM低糖培养液体外培养HMCs细胞,将细胞分为6组:对照组(DMEM培养液),AGEs组(200 mg/L),GP低、中、高剂量(25、75、150 mg/L)组和阳性对照组(氨基胍0.1 mmol/L)。培养72 h后,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测各组细胞中RAGE m RNA的表达水平,Western blotting法检测RAGE蛋白表达水平。应用试剂盒检测各组细胞上清液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及细胞内微量还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性。结果 AGEs显著促进HMCs中RAGE m RNA及蛋白表达(P0.01),增强细胞氧化应激水平。GP能有效抑制RAGE m RNA及蛋白表达,增加上清液中SOD和细胞内GSH水平,降低细胞上清液中MDA水平,且呈浓度依赖效应,与AGEs组比较差异显著(P0.01)。结论 GP下调AGEs刺激后HMCs细胞RAGE的异常高表达,同时改善细胞内氧化应激水平,其可能的机制是GP阻断了RAGE介导的AGEs-RAGE-氧化应激信号通路,表现为细胞上清液中MDA水平降低和SOD水平增加及细胞内GSH水平增加。     

周络通胶囊对糖尿病周围神经病变小鼠坐骨神经糖基化终末产物及受体的影响

目的:观察周络通胶囊对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)小鼠的作用及对晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)及其受体的影响。方法:40只KK/Upj-Ay小鼠随机分为模型组、周络通胶囊高、中、低剂量组(6.85,3.43,1.71 g生药.kg-1),另设10只C57BL/6小鼠对照组。灌胃给药12周,观察一般情况,测定空腹血糖(FBG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c);测定运动神经传导速度(MNCV);光镜及电镜观察坐骨神经形态学变化;荧光分光光度法测定坐骨神经中AGEs含量;荧光定量PCR和Western blot法测定坐骨神经AGEs受体(RAGE)表达。结果:周络通胶囊能不同程度改善模型小鼠症状,高剂量组能降低FBG和HbA1c(P<0.05,P<0.01);3组均能提高MNCV(P<0.05,P<0.01);减轻坐骨神经病理损伤;降低AGEs含量及RAGE mRNA和蛋白的表达(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:周络通胶囊对DPN有明显的改善作用,其机制可能与降低周围神经AGEs形成、抑制RAGE表达有关。     

中药降糖复方水提取物对KK-Ay糖尿病小鼠糖基化终末端产物及氧化应激的影响

研究中药降糖复方水提取物对KK-Ay小鼠AGEs和RAGE的影响。将自发性2型糖尿病模型KK-Ay小鼠随机分成5组:模型组、二甲双胍组、中药降糖复方低、中、高剂量组。另外,C57BL/6J小鼠作为正常对照组。其中二甲双胍组灌胃盐酸二甲双胍250 mg·kg~(-1);中药降糖复方低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃水提取物2,4,8 g·kg~(-1);正常对照组和模型组灌胃等体积蒸馏水,每日1次,共12周。实验过程中分别对小鼠血清中及(或)尿液中的谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、血清尿素氮(urea nitrogen,BUN)、糖基化终末端产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)及糖基化终末端产物受体(receptor of glycation end products,RAGE)等进行检测。于灌胃12周后处死小鼠,取小鼠肾脏做病理切片及免疫组化,同时取肾组织做蛋白印记法Western blot、荧光实时定量PCR、酶联免疫吸附测定法ELISA检测AGEs,RAGE,过氧化氢酶(Cata-lase,CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等氧化应激指标。该研究证实中药降糖复方水提取物能在一定程度上改善KK-Ay小鼠肾功能(P0.05),缓解糖尿病肾病,猜测其机制可能与降低体内AGEs和RAGE,抑制氧化应激有关。     

复方HSF3对体外蛋白质非酶糖化反应的影响

随着人们对糖尿病慢性并发症发病机制的深入研究,非酶糖化(nonenzymaticglycation)在糖尿病慢性并发症的发生发展中的作用正越来越引起人们的广泛关注[1-3]。晚期非酶糖化终末产物(advancedglycationendproducts,AGEs)的沉积使大分子物质发生交联而导致功能障碍,研究发现一定病     

葛根素对体内外晚期糖基化终末产物形成的抑制作用

目的研究葛根素对体内外晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)形成的影响。方法 C57BL/6小鼠采用高糖高脂饲料联合链脲佐菌素(40 mg/kg)构建糖尿病模型。造模成功后随机分为模型组,氨基胍组(100 mg/kg),葛根素低、中、高剂量(50、100、200 mg/kg)组,另设对照组。连续给药8周后,检测空腹血糖(FBG)、口服糖耐量(OGTT)、糖化血清蛋白(GSP)及血清AGEs水平。此外将不同浓度的葛根素(0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L)与丙酮醛和牛血清白蛋白共孵育144 h,建立体外非酶糖基化反应模型,用荧光光度法测定AGEs的荧光值,考察葛根素体外抑制AGEs生成的规律。结果葛根素能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠的FBG,改善OGTT,抑制GSP及血清AGEs的生成。葛根素在体外非酶糖基化反应体系中抑制AGEs的生成,并有一定的剂量依赖性。结论葛根素可以显著降低糖尿病小鼠的FBG,对体内外AGEs的形成具有明显的抑制作用。     

七福饮对AD模型大鼠AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB通路的影响

目的:研究七福饮对晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)诱导的阿尔兹海默病(AD)模型大鼠AGEs及其受体(RAGE)-NF-κB信号通路的影响,探讨其抗AD作用及其机制。方法:采用双侧海马定位注射AGEs诱导AD大鼠模型,给予七福饮治疗30d后,westenblot检测大鼠海马组织AGEs、RAGE、NF-κB和IL-1β水平。结果:七福饮(2.15、4.3、8.6g/kg)可显著降低模型大鼠海马内AGEs、RAGE、NF-κB和IL-1β的表达。结论:抑制AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB通路的激活及其所介导的炎症反应是七福饮抗AD作用可能的机制。     

灵芝多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌AGEs及其受体表达的影响

目的:观察灵芝多糖(GLPs)对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌组织中晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)及其受体(receptor for advanced glycation end products,RAGE)表达的影响,探讨其防治糖尿病大鼠心肌病变的作用机制。方法:采用高能量饮食加小剂量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)的方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM),成模后将大鼠随机分成6组:正常对照组、模型对照组、灵芝多糖低、中、高剂量治疗组、小檗碱对照组。灌胃治疗12周后测定各组大鼠空腹血糖、血浆胰岛素,免疫组化和蛋白印迹法检测心肌组织中AGEs、RAGE含量的表达。结果:与DM组比较,灵芝多糖组、小檗碱组能有效降低血糖、升高血浆胰岛素水平,降低心肌组织中AGEs、RAGE的表达,其中灵芝多糖高剂量组效果优于小檗碱组。结论:灵芝多糖可显著改善糖尿病大鼠血糖、空腹血浆胰岛素水平,并可能通过抑制心肌组织中AGEs、RAGE的表达实现其保护糖尿病大鼠心肌的作用。     

黄芪对初诊2型糖尿病患者血清晚期糖基化终末产物、可溶性糖基化终末产物受体水平的影响

目的观察黄芪对初诊2型糖尿病患者血清晚期糖基化终末产物（AGEs）、可溶性糖基化终末产物受体（sRAGE）水平的影响。方法选择2010年9月至2011年12月江苏省常熟市中医院（新区医院）内分泌科初诊2型糖尿病患者56例,按随机数字表法分为两组各28例,对照组给予控制血糖、血压、血脂等治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用黄芪颗粒剂冲服,两组均治疗12周为1个疗程,治疗前后均检测生化指标,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清AGEs、sRAGE水平。结果①对照组糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、甘油三脂（TG）治疗后[（7．28±0．83）％、（1．45±0．39）mmol／L]较同组治疗前[（9．57±1．14）％、（1．92±1.01）mmol／L]明显下降（t值分别为5．75、2．79,P〈0．05）;②治疗组HbAlc、TG治疗后[（7．16±0．88）％、（1．53±0．41）mmol／L]较同组治疗前[（9．29±1．62）％、（2．11±0．79）mmol／L]下降（t值分别为6．08、2．40,P〈0．05）;③治疗组治疗后血清sILAGE水平（20．38±8．01）ng／ml较同组治疗前（15．10±9．22）ng／ml升高（t=-2．29,P〈0．05）,与对照组治疗后（15．13±9．27）ng／ml比较,差异有统计学意义（t=-1．17,P〈0．05）。结论黄芪可上调初诊2型糖尿病患者血清sILAGE表达。     

骨碎补总黄酮对晚期糖基化终末产物作用下成骨细胞分化及p38和ERKl/2蛋白激酶表达的影响

目的 研究骨碎补总黄酮(TFDF)对晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)作用下成骨细胞分化活性及对细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号蛋白的影响,探讨骨碎补总黄酮防治骨质疏松的作用机理.方法 二次酶消化法分离培养新生SD大鼠颅骨成骨细胞以及活性观察;pNPP、ELISA、茜素红染色法分别检测不同质量浓度晚期糖基化终末产物对成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶活性(ALP)、Ⅰ型胶原(Col I)、骨钙素(BGP)以及矿化能力的影响,并观察骨碎补总黄酮对晚期糖基化终末产物作用下成骨细胞分化的干预;Westem-hlot检测骨碎补总黄酮对晚期糖基化终末产物作用下,成骨细胞p38和ERK1/2蛋白磷酸化的影响.结果 晚期糖基化终末产物(200、400、800 mg/L)可以降低成骨细胞表达ALP、Col I、BGP,降低其矿化能力.骨碎补总黄酮可以剂量依赖性的提高晚期糖基化终末产物(400 mg/L)作用下成骨细胞表达ALP、Col I、BGP和矿化能力.骨碎补总黄酮(50 mg/L)可以提高晚期糖基化终末产物(400 mg/L)作用下p38和ERK1/2的蛋白磷酸化.结论 骨碎补总黄酮可以提高晚期糖基化终末产物作用下成骨细胞分化和矿化能力,其机制可能和提高p38和ERK1/2信号蛋白的磷酸化有关.     

艾灸对老年人生物学年龄影响的临床研究

本文通过４０例老年人艾灸前后２４项常见老化症状积分临床观察，采用逐步回归方法，对其中１１项与历法年龄相关的指标进行分析，建立多元回归模型，再将艾灸后相应指标与艾灸前对比，以研究艾灸对老年人生物学年龄的影响情况。其结果表明，艾灸后老年人生物学年龄较历法年龄明显降低，显示了艾灸延缓衰老的良好效应。     

Effect of Crocin on the Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profile of Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats

Crocin is the only water soluble carotenoid in nature, and it has a known powerful antioxidant activity. The aim of this work was to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of crocin in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 2 diabetic rats. Neonatal male Wistar rats (2–5 days old) were randomly divided into five groups. Three groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (90 mg/kg body weight). Among them, two groups were treated with intraperitoneal injection of crocin (50 or 100 mg/kg), and the third group was treated with vehicle only. Two control groups were also considered, and one of them was treated with crocin. After 5 months, their blood and urine samples were collected, and the animals were sacrified. The results indicate a significant lower body weight (P < 0.001) and abnormal parameters in the diabetic rats compared with the normal group. An administration of both doses of crocin significantly decreased the levels of serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein and increased the high‐density lipoprotein in the diabetic rats. The treatments were also effective in decreasing HbA1c and microalbuminuria, as well as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance as a measure of insulin resistance in the diabetic rats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Rutin is a common dietary flavonoid that is widely consumed from plant-derived beverages and foods as traditional and folkloric medicine worldwide. Rutin is believed to exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neuroprotective and hormone therapy. Till date, over 130 registered therapeutic medicinal preparations are containing rutin in their formulations. This article aims to critically review the extraction methods for plant-based rutin and its pharmacological activities. This review provides comprehensive data on the performance of rutin extraction methods and the extent of its pharmacological activities using various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Materials and methods

Literatures including journals, patents, books and leaflets reporting on rutin from natural resources are systematically reviewed, particularly in the aspect of its extraction methods and biological activities. Factors affecting the efficiency of rutin extraction such as extraction temperature, duration and solvent to sample ratio are presented based on the findings of previous studies. The observed biological activities followed by clear explanation are also provided accordingly.

Results

The biological activities of rutin varied largely dependent on the geographical and plant origins. The complexity of natural rutin has impeded the development of rutin derived drugs. The detail mechanism of rutin in human body after consumption is still unclear. Therefore, studies are intensively carried out both in vitro and in vivo for the better understanding of the underlying mechanism. The studies are not limited to the pharmacological properties, but also on the extraction methods of rutin. Many studies have focused on the optimization of extraction method to increase the extraction yield of rutin. Currently, the performances of modern extraction approaches have also been compared to the conventional heat reflux method as a benchmark.

Conclusion

There are various extraction methods for plant-based rutin ranging from conventional method up to the use of modern techniques such as ultrasound, mechanochemical, microwave, infrared and pressurized assisted methods. However, proper comparison between the methods is very difficult because of the variance in plant origin and extraction conditions. It is important to optimize the extraction method in order to produce high yield and acceptable purity of rutin with a reasonable cost. Even though rutin has been proven to be effective in numerous pharmacological activities, the dosage and toxicity of rutin for such activities are still unknown. Future research should relate the dosage and toxicity of rutin for the ethnobotanical claims based on the underlying mechanisms.     

The neuroprotective effect of modified “Shengyu” decoction is mediated through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in the rat after traumatic brain injury

Ethnopharmacological relevance

“Shengyu” decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat diseases with deficit in “qi” and “blood” induced frequently by profound loss of blood or by long sores with heavy pus, in which a potential anti-inflammatory effect is implied. The modified “Shengyu” decoction (MSD) used in the present study was designed on the basis of the “Shengyu” decoction, additional four herbs were added in. Many ingredients in these herbs have been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory and thus MSD may be used for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). To evaluate the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of MSD on the rat brain after TBI.

Materials and methods

TBI was induced in the right cerebral cortex of male adult rats using Feeney's weight-drop method. The rats were administered a gavage of MSD (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g) 6 h after TBI. The neurological functions, brain water content, contusion volume, and neuron loss were determined. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells in the brain ipsilateral to TBI were also measured. Moreover, the influence of MSD on these variables was observed at the same time.

Results

The neurological deficits, brain water content, and neuron loss were significantly reduced after 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g of MSD treatment but not after 0.5 ml/200 g. In addition, treatment with MSD (1.0 ml/200 g) significantly increased the level of IL-10 and reduced the level of TNF-α and IL-1β and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells after TBI. However, the contusion volume of brain tissue and the expression of IL-6 were not significantly changed.

Conclusion

MSD may be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of TBI because MSD alleviated secondary brain injury induced by TBI. In addition, MSD inhibited the inflammatory response through reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in the brain tissue of rats after TBI. Therefore, a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of the “Shengyu” decoction was confirmed, which may be one of the main reasons of “Shengyu” decoction used to treat diseases with obvious inflammatory responses.     

草酸铵对僵蚕抗凝作用的影响

目的：研究草酸铵对僵蚕抗凝作用的影响。方法：以凝血酶时间(TT)为指标，用添加法比较不同浓度草酸铵对僵蚕提取液和凝胶分离液抗凝作用的影响。结果：添加草酸铵浓度在1．8～21．3mg／ml范围内，对固形物含量15．8～31．6mg／ml的提取液和14．6～29．1mg／ml的凝胶分离液的TT值增加成正相关。结论：草酸铵对僵蚕提取液、凝胶分离样品的抗凝作用均有增强作用，随提取液浓度降低影响增大，而随凝胶分离液浓度增大影响增大。     

蛇床子素抗凝血作用

目的：研究蛇床子素的抗凝血作用。方法：通过测定小鼠凝血时间（CT）、大鼠的凝血酶原时间（PT）和优球蛋白溶解时间（ELT），观测蛇床子素的抗凝作用。结果：蛇床子素能显著处长CT、PT，缩短ELT。结论：蛇床子素具有明确的抗凝血作用。     

苯唑青霉素对丁胺卡那毒素药动学的影响

 采用微量微生物法对丁胺卡那霉素（AMK）单用及AMK与苯唑青霉素（OXA）合用后，兔体内AMK血药浓度进行测定；药时数据用MCPKP软件经IBM计算机处理，并对两组药动学参数进行了统计学处理，结果表明OXA对AMK的药动学有显著的影响。     

基于细胞自噬探讨左归丸对肾虚仔鼠皮肤发育的影响

目的:研究左归丸对先天肾虚仔鼠发育过程中皮肤内细胞自噬的影响及其机制,探索补肾填精法在生长发育异常中的应用价值。方法:36只雌雄比例为2∶1的大鼠进行配对,复合应激法刺激孕鼠构建先天肾虚仔鼠模型,根据将孕鼠处理方式不同,分为正常组,肾虚组,左归丸低、高剂量组(2,8 g·kg^-1)。正常组不造模给予生理盐水灌胃,肾虚组造模给予生理盐水灌胃,左归丸低、高剂量组造模给予左归丸悬浊液灌胃。切取出生后21 d仔鼠的背部皮肤,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察仔鼠皮肤显微结构形态,测量真皮层和表皮层厚度,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)分别检测仔鼠皮肤分泌型糖蛋白3a(Wnt3a)和β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)mRNA和蛋白表达量,免疫双荧光检测皮肤内自噬指标微管相关蛋白轻链3(LC3)和人死骨片1-泛素结合蛋白p62(SQSTM1-p62)的表达。结果:正常组仔鼠皮肤层次清楚,结构正常,肾虚组真皮层胶原排列疏松,左归丸低、高剂量组皮肤组成基本正常;与正常组比较,肾虚组仔鼠在皮肤的表皮层增厚,真皮层变薄(P<0.05);与肾虚组比较,左归丸低、高剂量组皮肤的表皮层和真皮层厚度的改变明显恢复(P<0.05)。与正常组比较,肾虚组仔鼠Wnt3a和β-catenin蛋白和mRNA表达明显下降(P<0.05);与肾虚组比较,左归丸低、高剂量组Wnt3a和β-catenin蛋白和mRNA表达升高(P<0.05)。同时免疫荧光法检测发现与正常组比较,肾虚组的LC3的表达上调,SQSTM1-p62表达下调;与肾虚组比较,左归丸可以逆转SQSTM1-p62和LC3的异常表达(P<0.05)。结论:左归丸可以通过增加仔鼠皮肤内Wnt3a和β-catenin蛋白和mRNA的表达,下调皮肤细胞自噬水平,改善先天肾虚仔鼠皮肤异常发育。     

蛇床子素抗凝血作用

目的:研究蛇床子素的抗凝血作用。方法:通过测定小鼠凝血时间(CT)、大鼠的凝血酶原时间(PT)和优球蛋白溶解时间(ELT),观测蛇床子素的抗凝作用。结果:蛇床子素能显著处长CT、PT,缩短ELT。结论:蛇床子素具有明确的抗凝血作用。     

《诸病源候论》对皮肤病学的贡献

对《诸病源候论》在皮肤病方面的成就进行了较为系统的整理总结 ,该书着重讨论了皮肤病的命名、分类、病因病机 ,并阐发了《内经》“邪之所凑 ,其气必虚”理论和预防为主的思想。