高山绚孔菌化学成分研究

目的： 研究高山绚孔菌子实体化学成分。 方法： 采用柱色谱手段,结合波谱方法（MS,NMR）分离鉴定高山绚孔菌子实体的化学成分。 结果： 从高山绚孔菌的氯仿提取物和醋酸乙酯提取物中分离得到11个单体化合物,分别为麦角甾醇过氧化物（1）,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇（2）,啤酒甾醇（3）,麦角甾醇（4）,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮（5）,阿里红酸A（6）,硫色多孔菌酸（7）（4E,8E）-N-D-2’-羟基棕榈酰-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4,8-sphingadienine（8）,N-（2’-羟基二十四碳酰基）-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-十八烷（9）,烟酸（10）和齿孔酸（11）。 结论： 化合物 3,5,6,8~10 首次从该真菌中分离得到。     

红花注射液化学成分及其活性研究

采用多种色谱技术对红花注射液化学成分进行研究,从中分离鉴定16个化合物,经波谱学等方法鉴定为野黄芩苷（1）,山柰酚-3-O-β-芸香糖苷（2）,羟基红花黄色素A（3）,芦丁（4）,香豆酸（5）,腺苷（6）,紫丁香苷（7）,反式-1-（4'-羟基苯基）-丁-1-烯-3-酮（8）,（8Z）-癸烯-4,6-二炔-1-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（9）,对羟基苯甲醛（10）,（2E,8E）-十四烯-4,6-二炔-1,12,14-三羟基-1-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（11）,山柰酚-3-O-β-槐糖苷（12）,尿苷（13）,二氢红花菜豆酸（14）,肉桂酸（15） 和山柰酚（16）;其中,化合物1,2,7,9,11和12为首次从红花注射液中分离得到。家兔体外抗血小板聚集活性测试结果表明,除化合物5外,其余化合物均表现出不同程度的抗血小板聚集活性,以化合物2,3,9,12活性最强。     

黄苞大戟化学成分研究

对黄苞大戟Euphorbia sikkimensis地上部分的化学成分进行研究。应用硅胶,Sephadex LH-20,RP-18等色谱技术进行分离纯化,采用NMR等谱学方法鉴定结构。从黄苞大戟地上部分的90%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为柚皮素（1）、山柰酚（2）、槲皮素（3）、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（4）、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（5）、槲皮素-3-O-（2"-没食子酰基）-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（6）、麦角甾醇过氧化物（7）、豆甾-5-烯-7-羰基-3β-甾醇（8）、3β-羟基-4α,14α-二甲基-5α-麦角甾醇-8,24（28）-二烯-7-酮（9）、β-谷甾醇（10）、10-葫芦二烯醇（11）、莨菪亭（12）、没食子酸乙酯（13）、对羟基苯甲醛（14）、3-羟基苯乙醇（15）、2,4-二羟基-6-甲氧基苯乙酮（16）。所有化合物均为首次从黄苞大戟中分离得到,其中化合物 1 ,4 ~ 8 ,15 为首次从大戟属植物中分离得到。     

合欢花乙酸乙酯部位化学成分研究

该文对合欢Albizzia julibrissin干燥花序的乙酸乙酯萃取部位进行化学成分研究,采用硅胶,Sephadex LH-20,MCI GEL CHP-20P等柱色谱技术分离纯化,利用波谱数据 （¹H,¹³C-NMR,MS） 进行结构鉴定,共分离和鉴定29个化合物,分别为8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2E,6Z-octadienoic acid （1）,8-O-formyl-2,6-dimethyl-2E,6Z-octadienoic acid （1a）,8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2E,6E-octadienoic acid （2）,8-O-formyl-2,6-dimethyl-2E,6E-octadienoic acid （2a）,（2E,6S）-2,6-二甲基-6-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-2,7-辛二烯酸 （3）,clovan-2β,9α-diol （4）,2β-O-formyl-clovan-9α-ol （4a）,2β,9α-O-diformyl-clovan （4b）,吐叶醇 （5）,（6S,9R）-roseoside （6）,香草醛 （7）,4-O-乙基没食子酸 （8）,3-乙氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸 （9）,对-羟基苯甲醛 （10）,没食子酸 （11）,原儿茶酸 （12）,硬脂酸 （13）,软脂酸 （14）,2,3-dihydroxypropyl hexadecanoate （15）,亚油酸 （16）,东莨菪内酯 （17）,3-吲哚甲醛 （18）,2-呋喃甲酸 （19）,5-羟甲基糠醛 （20）,（22E,24R）-5α,8α-epidioxy-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol （21）,（22E,24R）-5α,8α-epidioxy-ergosta-6,9,22-trien-3β-ol （22）,（+）-lariciresinol 9’-stearate （23）,芒柄花素 （24） 和尿苷 （25）。其中,化合物 1a,2a,4a,4b 为分离过程中产生新的人工产物,其他25个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

土荆芥化学成分的研究

从土荆芥Chenopodium ambrosioides的全草中分离得到12个化合物,通过波谱解析,化合物结构分别鉴定为山柰酚-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷（kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,1）,山柰酚-3,7-O-α-L-二鼠李糖苷（kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,2）,万寿菊素（patuletin,3）,槲皮素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷（quercetin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,4）,蚱蜢酮（grasshopper ketone,5）,4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one（6）,丁香脂素（syringaresinol,7）,苄基-β-D-葡萄糖苷（benzyl β-D-glucopyranoside,8）,dendranthemoside B（9）,反式阿魏酸酰对羟基苯乙胺（N-trans-feruloyl tyramine,10）,N-3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙基反式阿魏酸酰胺（N-trans-feruloyl 4’-O-methyl dopamine,11）,N-p-香豆酰酪胺｛4-hydroxy-N-[2-（4-4-hydroxyphenyl）-ethyl]benzamide,12｝。其中化合物 3,6~8,10,12 为首次从该属中分离得到。化合物2~12 为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

红茴香甲醇部位化学成分研究

研究红茴香茎部甲醇部位的化学成分。运用HP-20、反相硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20、高效制备液相等分离技术,对甲醇部位进行分离纯化,通过质谱（MS）、波谱数据分析（¹H,¹³C-NMR）进行结构鉴定。从甲醇部位分离5个化合物,分别鉴定为苯甲醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（1）,4-羟基-苯乙醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（2）,3-甲氧基-4-羟基-苯丙醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（3）,3-甲氧基-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-苯甲酸甲酯（4）,4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-苯甲酸甲酯（5）。以上化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

黑骨藤中神经酰胺类化学成分

目的: 研究黑骨藤化学成分. 方法: 采用反复硅胶柱色谱法、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱法等进行分离纯化,并通过理化常数测定和质谱、一维、二维核磁共振等波谱方法分析鉴定其化学结构. 结果: 从黑骨藤中分离鉴定了2个神经酰胺类化合物,分别为1-O-β-D-葡萄糖-(2S, 3S, 4R, 10E)-2-[(2R)-2-羟基二十四烷酰氨基]-10-十八烷-3, 4-二醇(1),(2S, 3S, 4R, 10E)-2-[(2R)-2-羟基二十四烷酰氨基]-10-十八烷-1, 3, 4-三醇(2). 结论: 所有化合物均首次从黑骨藤中分离得到,采用二维核磁技术确定化合物2的结构,并对其二维谱数据进行归属.     

吊球草的化学成分及抑菌活性研究

研究吊球草Hyptis rhomboidea的化学成分,并对部分单体化合物进行抑菌活性测定。采用Toyopearl HW-40,Sephadex LH-20,MCI-Gel CHP-20,RP-18,PTLC及硅胶等色谱法对吊球草进行化学成分研究,根据理化性质和波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构,并评价部分单体化合物对8种植物病原菌的抑菌活性。从乙酸乙酯部位中共分离鉴定了11个化合物,分别为咖啡酸乙酯（1）、熊果酸（2）、齐墩果酸（3）、vanillactic acid（4）、迷迭香酸甲酯（5）、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-（1→6）-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（6）、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-（1→2）-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（7）、冬青素A（8）、β-香树脂醇（9）、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（紫云英苷,10）和胆甾-5-烯-3β,4β-二醇（11）。其中化合物1对核盘菌的抑制活性最强,MIC为16.2 mg·L^-1,化合物5对玉米大斑病菌和小核盘菌的抑制活性最强,MIC分别为8.1,16.2 mg·L^-1。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1 ,5具有较强的抗真菌活性。     

刺萼龙葵化学成分研究

对刺萼龙葵Solanum rostratum地上部分的化学成分进行研究。采用硅胶,Sephadex LH-20,ODS柱色谱及半制备HPLC等方法进行分离和纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物结构。从刺萼龙葵地上部分分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为薯蓣皂苷（1）,hypoglaucin H（2）,金丝桃苷（3）,异槲皮苷（4）,异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷（5）,山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（6）,smilaxchinoside A（7）,26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-3β,20α,26-三醇-25（R）-Δ^5,22-二烯-呋甾-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→2）-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→4）]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（8）,β-谷甾醇（9）,胡萝卜苷（10）,其中化合物 7 和 8 为首次从茄属植物中分离得到,其余8个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

橡胶灵芝化学成分研究

利用硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱技术对橡胶灵芝Ganoderma philippii进行化学成分研究,从中分离到16个化合物,通过波谱方法分别鉴定为2,5-二羟基苯乙酮（1）,甲龙胆酸（2）,（S）-苹果酸二甲酯（3）,muurola-4,10（14）-dien-11β-ol（4）,dihydroepicubenol（5）,5-羟甲基呋喃甲醛（6）,麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-3β-醇（7）,麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-3-酮（8）,麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-2β,3α,9α-三醇（9）,6β-甲氧基麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-3β,5α-二醇（10）,麦角甾-4,6,8（14）,22E -四烯-3-酮（11）,麦角甾-4,6,8（14）,22E-四烯-3β-醇（12）,5α,8α-过氧桥麦角甾-6,22E-二烯-3β-醇（13）,7α-甲氧基-5α,6α-epoxy麦角甾-8（14）,22E-二烯-3β-醇（14）,麦角甾-8,22E-二烯-3β,5α,6β,7α-四醇（15）,麦角甾-5,23E-二烯-3β-醇,醋酸盐（16）。化合物1~16均首次从橡胶灵芝中分离得到,其中化合物4 ,5首次从灵芝属分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。