茯苓的化学成分研究

对中药茯苓的化学成分进行了研究。利用正相和反相硅胶柱,Sephadex LH-20和制备型HPLC等色谱技术从中分离得到13个化合物,分别鉴定为土莫酸（1）、去氢土莫酸（2）、3β,5α-二羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮（3）、3β,5α,9α-三羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮（4）、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮（5）、6,9-环氧麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇（6）、麦角甾-4,22-二烯-3-酮（7）、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇（8）、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-5,6-环氧-3-醇（9）、β-谷甾醇（10）、核糖醇（11）、甘露醇（12）、齐墩果酸乙酸酯（13）。并运用质谱、核磁等波谱技术对分离得到的化合物进行了结构鉴定。化合物3~13为首次从该种中药中分离得到。     

紫芝中的一个新甾醇

 目的 研究紫芝Ganoderma sinense子实体的化学成分。方法 通过反复硅胶柱色谱进行分离纯化,利用多种波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构。结果 分离鉴定了5个化合物,分别为：麦角甾-7,22-二烯-2β,4α-二醇（ergosta-7, 22-dien-2β, 4α-diol,1）、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-2β,3α,9α-三醇（ergosta-7, 22-dien-2β, 3α, 9α-triol,2）、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,9α-四醇（ergosta-7, 22-dien-3β, 5α, 6β, 9α-tetraol,3）、麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β-棕榈酸酯（ergosta-7, 22-dien-3β-yl palmitate,4）、5-羧基糠醛（5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic acid,5）。结论 化合物1为新化合物,其余化合物均为首次从紫芝中分离得到。     

桂花果实的化学成分研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20等多种材料进行分离纯化,通过理化方法和波谱分析进行结构鉴定,从桂花果实醇提溶液的乙酸乙酯萃取部分,分离并鉴定了23个化合物,分别为尼克酰胺（1）,D-阿洛醇（2）,5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛（3）,乙酰氧基齐墩果酸（4）,苯甲酸（5）,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮（6）,β-谷甾醇（7）,borreriagenin（8）,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇（9）,C-veratroylglycol（10）,甲基-2-O-β-吡喃葡糖基苯甲酸（11）,3’,7-二羟基-4’-甲氧基异黄酮（12）,7-羟基香豆素（13）,咖啡酸甲酯（14）,齐墩果酸（15）,（-）-襄五脂素（16）,莳萝油脑（17）,3β,5α,9α-三羟基-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮（18）,2α-羟基齐墩果酸（19）,桦木酸（20）,白桦脂醇（21）,3,3’-Bisdemethylpinoresinol（22）,羽扇豆醇（23）。所有化合物在桂花果实中均为首次分离;除化合物 4,7,15,19,23外,其余化合物在此种植物中为首次分离。     

小球藻化学成分的研究

利用硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20 凝胶柱色谱技术对小球藻石油醚部位的化学成分进行研究,并根据理化性质和光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。从小球藻石油醚萃取部位获得脂溶性提取物M1, M2, M3,分离得到化合物5个,分别鉴定为(22E,24R)-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇 (1),(24S)-麦角甾-7-烯-3β-醇(2), 黑麦草内酯(3),豆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6α-三醇(4)和3β-羟基-5α,6α-环氧-7-大柱香波龙烯-9-酮(5)。小球藻脂溶性提取物以脂肪酸酯类、烷酸类和烯酸类为主,化合物1~5均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

皱盖假芝中1个新的木脂素类成分

目的 对皱盖假芝Amauroderma rude子实体中的化学成分进行初步研究。方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、液相色谱等多种色谱方法对皱盖假芝子实体醋酸乙酯相中的化学成分进行分离纯化,并根据其理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物结构。结果 从皱盖假芝醋酸乙酯相中分离得到3个化合物,包括1个新的木脂素和2个已知的甾醇类化合物,分别鉴定为3,4-二羟基苯甲酰乙酰酮（1）、（22E,24R）-3β,5α-二氢-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮（2）、（22E,24R）-麦角甾-6,9,22-三烯-3β,5α,8α-三醇（3）。结论 化合物1为新的木脂素类成分,命名为假芝木脂素B。     

大青山灵芝的化学成分研究

目的研究大青山灵芝Ganoderma daiqingshanense的化学成分。方法采用硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等技术进行分离纯化,运用各种波谱方法对化合物进行结构鉴定,并测定部分化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)的抑制活性。结果从大青山灵芝中分离鉴定了12个化合物,经鉴定为3β,21β-山芝烯二醇-3-乙酰基(1)、3β,21α-山芝烯二醇-3-乙酰基(2)、3-O-乙酰基千层塔三醇(3)、20(29)-羽扇烯-3-醇(4)、赤芝醛A(5)、灵芝酸Y(6)、麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-3-酮(7)、麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22E-四烯-3-酮(8)、麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-3β-醇(9)、5α,8α-过氧麦角甾-6,22E-二烯-3β-醇(10)、甲龙胆酸(11)、大戟因子L3(12)。化合物5、11和12对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制率分别为17.70%、22.89%和21.22%。结论所有化合物均为首次从大青山灵芝中分离得到,其中serratene型三萜(化合物1~3)为首次从灵芝科真菌中发现,化合物5、11和12对Ach E具有一定的抑制活性。     

蓖麻中的萜类和甾体及抗糖尿病活性研究

运用多种色谱方法从蓖麻地上部分甲醇提取物中分离得到7个萜类化合物和3个甾体化合物,经波谱技术分别鉴定为ficusic acid（1 ）, 叶绿醇（2）, callyspinol（3）, 羽扇豆醇（4）, 30-降羽扇豆-3β-醇-20-酮（5）, 羽扇豆-20（29）-烯-3β,15α-二醇（6）, acetylaleuritolic acid（7）, 豆甾-4-烯-3-酮（8）, 豆甾-4-烯-6β-醇-3-酮（9）, 豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮（10）, 其中化合物 1 ~ 3,5 ~ 10 是首次从该植物中分离得到,体外抗糖尿病活性表明,化合物 5,6 对小鼠和人11β-HSD具有显著的抑制活性和良好的选择性。     

荷叶离褶伞的化学成分研究

该文对荷叶离褶伞Lyophyllum decastes 栽培子实体进行了化学成分的研究。采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等多种方法分离纯化共得到13个化合物,并运用MS和NMR等方法分析鉴定化合物的结构分别为腺嘌呤核苷（1）、N-（2-羟基二十一碳酰基）-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-Δ^8,9（E）-十八碳烯（2）、N-（2-羟基二十四碳酰基）-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-Δ^8,9（E）-十八碳烯（3）、烟酸（4）、1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（4E,8E）-2-N-（2-羟基棕榈酰）-9-甲基-4,8-sphingadienine（5）、甘露醇（6）、麦角甾醇葡萄糖苷（7）、晚香玉苷（8）、N-（2-羟基二十二碳酰基）-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-Δ^8,9（E）-十八碳烯（9）、N-（2-羟基二十三碳酰基）-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-Δ^8,9（E）-十八碳烯（10）、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇（11）、麦角甾醇（12）和麦角甾醇过氧化物（13）。所有化合物均为首次从荷叶离褶伞中分离得到,其中化合物2~10为首次从离褶伞属真菌中分离得到。     

紫牛肝菌子实体化学成分研究

目的：研究紫牛肝菌Boletus vioaceo-fuscus子实体的化学成分。方法：紫牛肝菌丙酮提取物经柱色谱分离并根据波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果：分离鉴定了6个化合物,分别是3β-羟基-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯(1),琥珀酸酐(2),(22E,24R)-5α,6α-过氧麦角甾-8,22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(3),(22E,24R)-5α,6α-过氧麦角甾-8(14),22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(4),脑苷酯B(5)和腺嘌呤核苷(6)。结论：以上所有化合物均为首次从该真菌中分离得到。     

猫眼草化学成分研究

为了研究猫眼草的化学成分,采用硅胶柱色谱和制备 HPLC 等分离纯化方法,从猫眼草无水乙醇浸提液的正己烷萃取物中分离得到 14 个化合物。经波谱数据分析及理化性质鉴定其结构分别为羽扇豆醇（1）,大戟醇（2）,cassipourol（3）,24-methylenecycloartan-3β-ol（4）,24-hydroperoxycycloart-25-en-3β-ol（5）,25-hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol（6）,白桦脂醇（7）,熊果醇（8）,（23E）-25-methoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol（9）,（23E）-cycloart-23,25-dien-3β-ol（10）,24-methylenecycloartan-3β,28-diol（11）,salicinolide（12）,2α,3β,5α,9α,15β-pentaacetoxy-11,12-epoxy-7β,8α-diisobutyryloxyjatropha-6（17）-en-14-one（13）,3β,5α,15β-triacetoxy-7β-isobutyryloxy-9α-nicotinoyloxyjatropha-6（17）,11（E）-dien-14-one（14）,化合物 1~11 为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

不同类型的桑螵蛸与其基原昆虫对应关系研究

桑螵蛸为常用中药,因其入药部位为螳螂的卵鞘,无法直接判断其基原昆虫.同时螳亚科动物种类繁多,均产卵鞘,目前关于桑螵蛸对应的基原昆虫尚无一致的结论,而二者准确的对应关系是保证桑螵蛸质量的基础,也是桑螵蛸条形码研究的基础.文章采用人工孵化与捕捉活体螳螂2种方式,分别鉴定了药材及其原动物,系统地研究了桑螵蛸与基原昆虫的对应关系,发现基原昆虫为大刀螳属、斧螳属、污斑螳属的多种昆虫,该研究为桑螵蛸深入开发与利用研究奠定了基础.