内镜下食管黏膜切除并发症的预防和治疗

目的 探讨内镜食管黏膜切除术治疗早期食管癌及其癌前病变并发症的预防与治疗。方法 应用透明帽法对71例早期食管癌及食管鳞状上皮重度异型增生患者进行食管黏膜切除。结果 71例患者共切除88块病变,每块切除病变黏膜下平均注射肾上腺素盐水18 ml,切除标本大小为(21.8±1.0)mm×(18.2±1.0)mm。术后5例出血,其中1例动脉出血,4例渗血,应用内镜压迫、肾上腺素盐水注射及氩离子凝固术治疗均成功止血;术后4例发生狭窄,其中3例是由于切除直径超出食管全周3/4,术后1个月应用水囊扩张,狭窄均缓解。未有穿孔等严重并发症发生。结论透明帽法食管黏膜切除术是一种较为简便、安全、有效的黏膜切除方法,如果操作得当,可明显减少并发症的发生。     

内镜下黏膜切除术治疗消化道肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)对消化道肿瘤的治疗价值。方法 利用染色、放大内镜及超声内镜探测病变范围及侵犯深度,对位于黏膜层及黏膜肌层的早期癌、癌前病变、黏膜下肿瘤、侧向发育型息肉、无蒂或亚蒂巨大息肉、息肉癌变等病变行EMR治疗。结果 病灶最大直径6cm。2例早期食管癌、1例早期贲门癌、1例早期大肠癌及2例胃中、重度异型增生经EMR及透明帽负压吸引EMR切除,观察3-18个月无复发;31例黏膜下肿瘤经EMR和透明帽负压吸引EMR,均完全切除;对13例侧向发育型息肉及21例亚蒂和无蒂大息肉及局部癌变息肉采用EMR或分片黏膜切除术切除。术中出血5例,出血率7.04％,经内镜治疗停止。1例4.5 cm腺瘤术后3个月复发。结论 在超声内镜、色素内镜及放大内镜的指导下,采用内镜下黏膜切除术治疗部分消化道早期癌、癌前病变、侧向发育型及无蒂或亚蒂臣大息肉、局部癌变息肉及黏膜肌层的肿瘤,足一项安全有效的内镜治疗疗法。     

内镜碘染色在早期食管病变中的诊断价值

目的评价内镜下食管碘染色在诊断高危人群食管黏膜异型增生与早期食管癌诊断中的意义及应用价值。方法选择食管肿瘤高发区的高危人群,对其中内镜下的食管糜烂等病变116人,进行碘染色。根据染色后食管黏膜的颜色变化,可疑病灶进行有针对性地活检送病理检查。结果 116例患者食管黏膜碘染色后有不着色区或明显淡染区,病理显示85例为轻度不典型增生,15例为中度不典型增生,12例为重度不典型增生,早期食管癌4例。结论内镜下食管碘染色在早期食管癌及异型增生的诊断中敏感性高,漏诊率低,人群的顺应性较好,在食管高危人群的早期病变诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

卢戈液染色与P53蛋白检测诊断早期食管癌和癌前病变

目的 探讨内镜下卢戈液染色和活检组织P53检测诊断食管早期癌和癌前病变的可行性。方法 78例可疑早期食管癌患者行内镜下卢戈液染色,对粘膜不染色区活检结果为重度不典型增生细胞者行P53蛋白免疫组化染色,对P53蛋白阳性的病灶行内镜粘膜切除术。结果 在78例患者,共发现25例患者存在31处粘膜不染色区,其中单纯增生上皮1处,轻度异型增生2处,中度异型增生9处,重度异型增生16处,鳞状细胞癌3处。7例P53蛋白表达阳性的重度不典型增生粘膜行内镜粘膜切除术后,1例被证实为粘膜内癌。结论 卢戈液染色和活组织P53蛋白检测不仅对诊断早期食管癌有帮助,而且对选择治疗重度不典型增生病灶行内镜粘膜切除术有指导意义。     

改良式透明帽在18例上消化道黏膜平坦隆起性病变中临床应用

目的评价改良式透明帽在内镜黏膜切除术中的应用效果,并对其适应症和操作方法等问题进行讨论。方法选择符合内镜黏膜切除术适应症的18例应用改良透明帽,切除了27处病变。对手术发生的并发症进行观察和处理。结果 18例患者中共切除病变27处,完全切除率100%。术后病理诊断起源于黏膜肌层的食管平滑肌瘤2处,食管乳头状瘤3处,黏膜慢性炎2处。胃:增生性息肉12处,炎性息肉7处,重度不典型增生1处。并发症主要是岀血,术中创面渗血2处,均行高频电凝止血。1例发生术后迟发性出血,应用钛夹止血成功。无便血及穿孔发生。结论改良式透明帽在EMR术中可以安全应用,操作简单,特别适合在基层推广应用。     

染色内镜联合黏膜切除术对胃黏膜上皮不典型增生及早期胃癌诊断价值的研究

目的研究内镜下黏膜染色联合经内镜黏膜切除术对胃黏膜上皮不典型增生及早期胃癌诊断价值.方法将145例患者随机分为内镜下黏膜染色联合经内镜黏膜切除术组(实验组)和单纯染色活检组(对照组),实验组用0.5%美蓝溶液染色后对异常着色区行内镜下黏膜切除术并送病检;对照组美蓝溶液染色后对异常着色区域常规方法取活检.结果实验组发现不典型增生31例(43.7%),早期胃癌8例(11.3%);对照组发现不典型增生23例(31.1%),早期胃癌4例(5.4%),实验组不典型增生、早期胃癌发现率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论内镜下黏膜染色联合经内镜黏膜切除术可进一步提高胃黏膜上皮不典型增生及早期胃癌的诊断率.     

内镜染色指示下射频治疗食管不典型增生的研究

目的探讨内镜染色指示下射频消融术治疗食管不典型增生的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜检查发现食管有可疑病灶的病人用2%碘溶液食管染色后,在染色指示下多点取活检,经病理诊断为不典型增生,超声内镜检查病变局限于黏膜层者,在染色内镜直视下从病灶周围0.3~0.5cm处开始先射频点灼上下左右4点以标记切除范围,然后自病灶边缘向中心规律地射频消融治疗,功率为35W。每个接触部位治疗时间3~4s,使病灶及周围0.3~0.5cm以内黏膜及黏膜下层碳化为止。结果65例食管不典型增生(轻度18例,中度31例,重度16例)患者经1次染色内镜下射频消融治疗,随访6周~7年,所有病人痊愈,未发生出血、穿孔等并发症。结论射频消融术可作为阻断食管癌变发生发展的首选方法。     

内镜下黏膜切除术和黏膜剥离术治疗早期食管癌的近期疗效比较

目的:比较内镜下黏膜切除术和黏膜剥离术治疗早期食管癌的近期疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析行内镜下黏膜切除术和黏膜剥离术的食管癌早期患者的临床资料。结果:黏膜剥离术患者垂直与水平切缘分别有1、2例阳性,经过术中冰冻追加手术切除,黏膜切除术的患者垂直和水平切缘各有4例阳性,水平切缘阳性患者再次行黏膜切除术,垂直阳性切缘患者有2例术前病理为食管癌,行补救性外科切除,其余2例不典型增生行黏膜剥离术。统计其整块切除率,发现黏膜切除术的整块切除率分别为80. 0%和76. 5%,黏膜剥离术的整块切除率均为100%。黏膜切除术所花费手术时间短于黏膜剥离术。黏膜剥离术患者重度出血率显著高于黏膜切除术,而在食管狭窄方面黏膜切除术的发生率显著高于黏膜剥离术(均P 0. 05)。而食管穿孔发生率比较2组差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论:黏膜剥离术手术近期疗效更佳,但在并发症方面,两种手术方式各有优劣,在临床应用时应该取其优点,避免并发症对患者造成的伤害。     

内镜下碘染色对诊断食管癌及癌前病变的价值

[目的]探讨内镜下碘染色在诊断食管癌及癌前病变中的价值.[方法]在我市食管癌高发地区对239例40～69岁人群进行内镜下食管碘染色,观察食管黏膜染色情况,并取碘染异常区或贲门脊根部活检送病理组织学检查.[结果]239例接受内镜检查者其中有92例碘染色后出现不着色区或淡染区,病检示食管癌5例,检出率为2.09％,不典型增生病变46例（其中轻度不典型增生17,中重度不典型增生29例）,检出率为19.25％,慢性炎症33例,正常鳞状上皮8例.[结论]内镜下食管碘染色结合黏膜活检有助于早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断,且操作简便,具有推广价值.     

内镜下双重色素法联合超声内镜对食管早期癌及癌前病变的诊断价值

目的:探讨美蓝和卢戈氏碘液双重染色法联合超声内镜对食管早期癌及癌前病变的诊断价值．方法:对96例可疑食管病变患者行食管黏膜染色,先用 20 g／L美蓝喷洒,再用30 g/L卢戈氏碘溶液喷洒于病变区观察;对美蓝染色区和卢戈氏碘不染色区进行活组织病理检查．食管癌及重度不典型增生、Barrett食管等癌前病变者再次行超声内镜检查．结果:确诊为食管癌7例,其中早期癌2例;不典型增生14例 (轻度7例,中度4例,重度3例);Barrett食管3例;溃疡8例;炎症36例．双重染色法总阳性率达70．8％．超声内镜对判断食管癌及癌前病变的浸润深度及纵隔淋巴结转移准确率达 92．3％(12／13)．结论:双重色素法(色素内镜)联合超声内镜有助于食管疾病,特别是早期癌及癌前病变的诊断,值得推广．     

内镜粘膜切除治疗癌前病变和早期食管癌

目的 评价内镜粘膜切除术治疗癌前病变和早期食管癌的效果，并对其适应证，手术操作和并发症等进行临床研究。方法 从食管癌高发现场的普查和门诊工作中发现的病例，选择符合内镜粘膜切除适应证者，在镇静麻醉下完成154例内镜粘膜切除术。对术中发生的一些并发症进行了认真观察和处理。结果 完成154例内镜粘膜切除术，发生创面小动脉出血发生18例（11．7％），食管穿孔2例（1．3％），经处理后均顺利痊愈。结论 内镜粘膜切除术是治疗食管鳞状细胞原位癌，粘膜内癌和癌前病变的重要治疗方法。     

超声内镜联合EMR或ESD在食管表浅隆起性病变诊断和治疗中的作用

目的：探讨超声内镜（EUS）联合内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）或内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）在食管表浅隆起性病变诊断和治疗中的价值。方法对35例经EUS检查拟诊为食管表浅隆起性病变患者进行EMR或ESD治疗的病例资料进行回顾性研究,分析病变部位的EUS图像、病理诊断结果及随访治疗效果。结果35例中21例经EMR治疗,14例经ESD治疗。经病理组织学检查确诊为早期食管癌9例,重度不典型增生5例,良性间质瘤3例,腺瘤性息肉4例,非腺瘤性息肉6例,平滑肌瘤8例。经EUS及病理证实病变均起源于黏膜层、黏膜肌层和黏膜下层。34例分别于术后1、3、6月复查EUS随访,术后1个月后伤口均完全愈合,无出血、食管狭窄及局部复发现象发生。结论联合应用EUS和EMR或ESD技术,不仅可以提高食管表浅隆起性病变早期的确诊率,而且是一种微创、有效、安全、快速的治疗措施。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection for early esophageal cancer and esophageal dysplasia

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Advances in diagnostic technology have led to increased detection of early esophageal cancer, which is suitable for endoscopic treatment. We performed endoscopic esophageal mucosal resection of such cancer and dysplasia using the endoscopic esophageal mucosal resection tube and evaluated the clinical benefit of this technique. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-nine patients with esophageal mucosal cancer (27 cases with 33 lesions) or dysplasia (2 cases with 2 lesions) diagnosed between September 1992 and March 1998 were assessed endoscopically for the depth and extent of invasion by double staining with toluidine blue and iodine. Endoscopic ultrasonography was also performed to assess the depth of invasion in 22 cases with 22 lesions. RESULTS: The 35 esophageal lesions comprised 27 esophageal carcinomas and 8 areas of dysplasia. Twenty of the 35 lesions were resected en bloc and 15 were resected piecemeal. Subsequent surgery was performed for 5 cases with 7 lesions out of 10 cases with 15 lesions that were histopathologically diagnosed as m3 or more invasive. No recurrence has been detected in 24 evaluable cases (including 1 who died of another disease, 2 in whom surgery could not be performed due to complications, and 3 who refused subsequent surgery). No patients died of esophageal cancer after a mean follow-up period of 30.9 +/- 18.9 months. The 4-year survival rate was 100% in the m2 or less invasive group of 19 cases with 20 lesions, 75% in the m3 or higher invasive group of 5 cases with 8 lesions and 100% in the surgery group of 5 cases with 7 lesions (NS). No serious complications occurred except for 1 patient. Circumferential mucosal resection was done in this patient, resulting in esophageal stenosis, which responded to esophageal dilation. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal mucosal resection using the endoscopic esophageal mucosal resection tube is safe and beneficial for early esophageal cancer and dysplasia.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection for lesions with endoscopic features suggestive of malignancy and high-grade dysplasia within Barrett's esophagus

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection has been used in the treatment of superficial squamous cell cancers and gastric malignancies. Our aim was to determine whether endoscopic mucosal resection can be used in the diagnosis of lesions within Barrett's esophagus whose endoscopic appearances raise suspicion of carcinoma or high-grade dysplasia. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with such lesions within Barrett's esophagus underwent endoscopic mucosal resection for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. All patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound to determine the feasibility of endoscopic resection. Only lesions found to be uT0 or uT1 underwent EMR. The lift and cut technique was used in 23 patients and a variceal ligating device was used on 2 patients. RESULTS: Endoscopic mucosal resection was performed because of a nodule or polyp within Barrett's esophagus in 11 patients (44%) and suspected superficial cancer or high-grade dysplasia in 14 patients (56%). Endoscopic mucosal resection diagnosed superficial adenocarcinoma in 13 patients (52%) and high-grade dysplasia in 4 (16%); it confirmed lesions in 8 patients (40%) to be of lower neoplastic risk. No complications occurred due to the procedure itself. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic mucosal resection is a technique with low morbidity and mortality. It has led to a change in diagnosis in patients with Barrett's esophagus and lesions with endoscopic features that suggest neoplasia. Its major advantages include simplicity and retrieval of the specimen en bloc.     

Multiband mucosectomy for advanced dysplastic lesions in the upper digestive tract

Endoscopic resection(ER) is at present an accepted treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasia. ER provides similar efficacy to surgery; however, it is minimally invasive and less expensive. Endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) is superior to biopsy for diagnosing advanced dysplasia and can change the diagnostic grade and the management. Several EMR techniques have been described that are alternatively used dependent upon the endoscopist personal experience, the anatomic conditions and the endoscopic appearance of the lesion to be resected. The literature suggests that EMR offers comparable outcomes to surgery for selected indications. EMR techniques using a cap fitted endoscope and EMR using a ligation device [multiband mucosectomy(MBM)] are the most frequently use. MBM technique does not require submucosal injection as with the endoscopic resectioncap technique, multiple resections can be performed with the same snare, pre-looping the endoscopic resection-snare in the ridge of the cap is not necessary, MBM does not require withdrawal of the endoscope between resections and up to six consecutive resections can be performed. This reduces the time and cost required for the procedure, while also reducing patient discomfort. Despite the increasing popularity of MBM, data on the safety and efficacy of this technique in upper gastrointestinal lesions with advanced dysplasia, defined as those lesions that have high-grade dysplasia or early cancer, is limited.     

Usefulness of EMR with an oblique aspiration mucosectomy device compared with strip biopsy in patients with superficial esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND: EMR is now widely accepted as a treatment option for superficial esophageal cancer. Endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy with an oblique aspiration mucosectomy device was performed, and the results were compared retrospectively with those of conventional strip biopsy. METHODS: Strip biopsy (April 1991 through October 1999) or endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy (November 1999 through December 2002) was performed in a consecutive series of patients with superficial esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Variables assessed were size of resection specimens, rate of complete resection, and complications. RESULTS: Of the consecutive series of 66 patients with superficial esophageal cancer, 27 underwent strip biopsy and 39 had endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy. The two groups were similar with respect to age, gender, and lesion macroscopic appearance. The endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy group had a significantly greater mean depth of tumor invasion and had significantly more large lesions vs. the strip biopsy group. The mean longest diameter of resection specimens was significantly greater with endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy (23.9 [5.2] mm) than with strip biopsy (15.2 [4.9] mm) (p<0.001). The en bloc resection rate was 33.3% (9/27) in the strip biopsy group and 46.2% (18/39) in the endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy group (p=0.322). Despite larger lesion size in the endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy group, the complete resection rate was similar between the strip biopsy (70.4%) and endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy (74.4%) groups (p=0.783). The complete resection rate for lesions 30 mm or greater in diameter was slightly but not significantly higher in the endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy group (84.4%) compared with the strip biopsy group (70.4%) (p>0.999). With respect to complications, the rates of bleeding and submucosal hematoma were similar. Esophageal stenosis occurred after the procedure in 3 patients in the endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy group. All were managed by endoscopic dilation, and symptoms improved. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy is safe and effective for the treatment of superficial esophageal cancer.     

早期胃癌内镜治愈性切除的影响因素

目的分析影响早期胃癌内镜治愈性切除的危险因素,提高内镜治愈性切除早期胃癌的可能性。方法收集2008年10月至2013年3月行内镜切除治疗的早期胃癌（包括高级别上皮内瘤变）患者的临床资料;分析性别、年龄、病灶位置、病灶直径、病灶内镜形态学分型及伴有溃疡形成6个因素对内镜切除术（ER）整块切除及治愈性切除的影响;同时分析非治愈性切除的主要原因。结果纳入早期胃癌共94例包含94个病灶,其中高级别上皮内瘤变病灶20个,黏膜内癌病灶70个,黏膜下浅层浸润癌（距黏膜肌层500斗m以内）病灶4个。其中5个病灶经EMR切除,89个病灶经ESD切除。ER整块切除率为95．7％（90／94）,治愈性切除率为79．8％（75／94）。直径〉3．0cm的病灶治愈性切除率显著低于直径≤2．0em的病灶（P=0．022,OR=0．108,95％C1：0．016—0．721）,伴有溃疡形成的病灶治愈性切除率显著低于不伴有溃疡形成的病灶（P=0．047,OR=0．149,95％CI：0．023～0．971）。非治愈性切除的主要原因是侧缘肿瘤细胞的残留。结论病灶直径〉3．0cm、伴有溃疡形成是影响早期胃癌ER治愈性切除的危险因素。     

Dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: limitations of current management strategies

Dysplasia is a very imperfect biomarker for malignancy in Barrett's esophagus. Invasive cancer has been found in 30-40% of esophagi resected because preoperative endoscopic examinations had shown high-grade dysplasia. Reports on the natural history of this disorder are sometimes contradictory, but suggest that 10-30% of patients with high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus will develop a demonstrable malignancy within 5 yr of the initial diagnosis. Proposed management strategies for high-grade dysplasia include esophagectomy, endoscopic ablative therapies, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and intensive endoscopic surveillance. Endoscopic ablative therapies and EMR may not be effective if neoplastic cells have invaded the submucosa or disseminated through mucosal lymphatic channels, and a number of studies suggest that the endoscopic therapies usually leave metaplastic or neoplastic epithelium with malignant potential behind. Limited data suggest that intensive endoscopic surveillance might be a reasonable approach for elderly or infirm patients, but some patients managed in this fashion have developed incurable esophageal cancers. The fundamental question of what is the appropriate length of follow-up for studies on dysplasia treatments has not been resolved. Although 5 yr might be considered the absolute minimum duration for a meaningful follow-up on dysplasia therapy, the follow-up duration in most studies is substantially less than 5 yr. Specific recommendations for management based on these considerations are proposed at the end of this report.     

Management of Early-Stage Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus: Endoscopic Mucosal Resection and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia and early-stage adenocarcinoma is amenable to curative treatment by endoscopic resection. Histopathological correlation has established that mucosal cancer has minimal risk of nodal metastases and that long-term complete remission can be achieved. Although surgery is the gold-standard treatment once there is submucosal involvement, even T1sm1 (submucosal invasion?≤?500 μm) cases without additional risk factors for nodal metastases might also be cured with endoscopic resection. Endoscopic resection is foremost an initial diagnostic procedure, and once histopathological assessment confirms that curative criteria are met, it will be considered curative. Endoscopic resection may be achieved by endoscopic mucosal resection, which, although easy to perform with relatively low risk, is limited by an inability to achieve en bloc resection for lesions of size more than 1.5 cm. Conversely, the technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection is more technically demanding with higher risk of complications but is able to achieve en bloc resection for lesions larger than 1.5 cm. Endoscopic submucosal dissection would be particularly important in specific situations such as suspected submucosal invasion and lesion size more than 1.5 cm. In other situations, since endoscopic resection would always be combined with radiofrequency ablation to ablate the remaining Barrett’s epithelium, piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection would suffice since any remnant superficial invisible dysplasia would be ablated.     

Endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas: Western experience

OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic resection of esophageal squamous-cell neoplasia with curative intent appears to be an alternative treatment to radical surgery when the malignant neoplasia is intraepithelial or limited to the mucosal layer, since the risk for lymph-node metastases is very low. In contrast to Japan, there has so far been only limited experience in Europe and the United States with endoscopic resection in such cases. In the present observational study, we report on the largest prospective series so far in Western countries of patients with early squamous-cell cancer or carcinoma in situ, who were treated using endoscopic resection therapy. METHODS: Between December 1997 and November 2001, 115 patients with a suspicion of early squamous cancer were referred for local endoscopic therapy. A total of 39 patients (mean age 61.4 +/- 10.2 yr) with early esophageal carcinoma (n = 29) and carcinoma in situ (Cis) (n = 10) fulfilled the criteria for local endoscopic therapy and were treated using endoscopic resection. Ten patients had Cis (group A), 19 had mucosal cancer (group B), and 10 had submucosal cancer (group C). All patients in group C were inoperable or had refused surgery. RESULTS: A total of 94 resections were performed. Nine of the 10 patients in group A (90%), 19 of the 19 in group B (100%), and 8 of the 10 in group C (80%) achieved a complete response during a mean follow-up period of 29.7 +/- 14.3 months. Tumor-related deaths occurred in three patients (one in group B, who was inoperable; two in group C, who refused surgery). No major complications such as perforation or bleeding requiring blood transfusion occurred. Minor complications were seen in six patients (15%)-three with minor bleeding after endoscopic resection and three with esophageal stenoses, who were successfully treated using injection therapy or dilatation. Calculated 5-yr survival was 90% in group A, 89% in group B, and 0% in group C. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic resection appears to be an effective and safe method of curative treatment in patients with Cis and mucosal squamous-cell carcinomas of the esophagus. The preferred method in patients with submucosal cancer should be esophagectomy or chemoradiotherapy, whenever possible.