老年病人的吞咽功能

吞咽功能由口腔和咽部的协调动作来完成。吞咽时口腔完成下列动作:1)关闭口唇;2)面部紧张以保持咀嚼时迫使唇龈沟和颊龈沟的食物普遍地接近舌;3)当咀嚼期间下颌向侧面进行旋转运动以压碎食物;4)舌向侧面旋转运动以控制口腔内的食物和用唾液混合食物;5)软腭前部突出以防止食物不适当地从口腔进入咽部。吞咽时咽部完成下列动作:1)咽部关闭以防止食物和液体返流到鼻咽部和鼻腔;2)喉和舌骨上升并向前运动;3)喉关闭;4)舌根向后运动至咽后壁以迫使食物和水向下移动;5)蠕动波迫使食物和水继续向下推进;6)咽环肌松弛。口腔和咽部的上述动作需要感觉和运动神经支配及其协调活动才能实现。     

吞咽障碍的康复体操治疗

0引言“吞咽”一词,一般可理解为将嘴里的食物吃下去.在医学上,吞咽则指食团通过由口唇、咽、食管构成的吞咽通道传输至胃的全过程.吞咽通道包括口唇、舌肌、腭肌、颊肌、咽肌、食管肌以及有关的黏膜、腺体和神经等.需要吞咽的液体或固体物质通常需要先在口腔内经过咀嚼和舌肌的搅拌形成食团,才能咽下.这些器官的结构或功能如果发生了异常,就会影响正常的吞咽,出现吞咽障碍[1-3].如前文所述,吞咽障碍的原因虽然很多,但他们都是由于吞咽器官有关的肌肉和神经发生异常改变后形成的.常见的异常改变,有的是由于吞咽器官肌肉的萎缩,收缩力减弱;有…     

吞咽障碍与神经疾病

0引言由神经疾病引起的吞咽障碍可称为神经性吞咽障碍.此种症状多由于原发的神经疾病累及吞咽的口期和咽期的感觉和运动的功能,影响口、咽部肌肉推送食团自口腔经咽至食管的功能.有些神经疾病亦可同时影响食管.本文主要论述口咽部的神经性吞咽障碍.大多数慢性口咽部吞咽障碍属于神经源性,但也有不少是由气管插管后水肿、咽部肿块、憩室等所致[1].1神经性吞咽障碍的表现1.1患者患有已知的神经疾病有口咽部神经性吞咽障碍症状,如咀嚼困难、吞咽起始困难、鼻腔漏溢、流涎、唾液分泌困难、吞咽时呛咳或噎呛、咽喉梗塞等;并有神经性吞咽障碍的并…     

健康老年妇女吞咽功能的研究

目的　通过电视X线透视吞咽功能的研究 ,评价健康老年妇女液体吞咽运动 ,并对液体吞咽运动的影响因素进行分析。　方法　 4 0例健康老年妇女 ,老年前期组 (5 0～ 5 9岁 ) 2 0例 ;老年组 2 0例 ,年龄 6 0～ 79岁。进行电视X线透视液体吞咽功能检查 ,分别对口咽部相关结构进行运动学分析 ,比较不同液体食团体及年龄对健康老年妇女吞咽的影响。　结果　 (1 )老年组较老年前期组渗透、口咽部滞留发生率增高 ,两组渗透发生率分别为 :7 5 %、3 8% ;口腔滞留发生率分别为 :1 2 5 %、6 3% ;咽腔滞留发生率分别为 :2 6 5 %、1 7 5 % ;口咽传递时间、腭咽部关闭时间及环咽部开放时间延长 (均为P <0 0 5 ) ;喉、舌骨向上运动距离增大 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 ) 1 0ml食团较 1ml渗透、口咽部滞留发生率增高 ,两组渗透发生率分别为 :8 8%、2 5 % ;口腔滞留发生率分别为 :1 3 8%、5 0 % ;咽腔滞留发生率分别为 :31 3%、1 3 8% ;口传递时间缩短而环咽部开放时间延长 (均为P <0 0 5 ) ;喉向上、前运动 ,舌骨向前、向上运动的距离增大 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　临床应用电视X线透视吞咽功能检查并对口咽期吞咽功能进行运动学分析是可行的 ;年龄及食团体积均影响健康老年妇女的液体吞咽功能     

吞咽困难

吞咽困难包括产生吞咽动作困难(口咽部吞咽困难)和食物或液体在到达胃的过程中的一种被阻滞感(食管吞咽困难)。所以，吞咽困难是指对吞咽物正常通过的一种阻碍。     

卒中后吞咽障碍荧光透视与临床吞咽功能的相关性

目的探讨吞咽障碍患者的临床表现与吞咽荧光透视检查(VFSS)所示结构和功能的相关性。方法连续收集2012年6月—2014年5月浙江中医药大学附属温州市中医院收治的56例卒中后吞咽障碍患者,选择性应用4种不同质地的食物进行测试,分别完成临床吞咽功能评估和VFSS检查,并用SPSS 20.0统计软件对该两种方法的各项观察指标进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果临床表现与VFSS检查的点对应关系在口腔期有口内食物残留与口唇闭合异常(95%CI:1.430~101.468,P=0.022);软腭上抬差与口腔食物残留(95%CI:1.476~102.033,P=0.020);分次吞咽与口通过时间延长(95%CI:2.616~182.897,P=0.004);舌运动障碍及软腭上抬差与食团形成障碍(95%CI分别为1.468~50.795、1.220~13.825,P值分别为0.017、0.023);食物口角漏出、咽下困难与食团从舌根掉落会厌或气管(95%CI分别为1.146~125.459、1.657~174.400,P值分别为0.038、0.017)。在咽期主要有咽反射减弱与喉上抬程度弱(95%CI:1.150~92.815,P=0.037);咽下困难、吞咽延迟与吞咽反射启动触发时间长(95%CI分别为2.123~37.770、1.233~114.176,P值分别为0.003、0.032);分次吞咽、用力吞咽、哽噎感以及喉上抬差与咽期通过时间长(95%CI分别为1.619~223.316、1.061~31.445、2.834~132.707,P值分别为0.019、0.042、0.003);咽下困难与环咽肌开放不全(95%CI:1.037~24.115,P=0.045);喉上抬程度弱、咽部异物感、吞咽后呛咳与会厌谷或梨状窝滞留或残留(95%CI分别为1.046~13.685、1.116~87.741,P值分别为0.043、0.040);吞咽过程中咳嗽、进食呛咳与误吸(95%CI分别为0.010~0.921、0.037~0.826,P值分别为0.042、0.028)等,均存在明显相关性。结论某些临床症状表现与VFSS检查发现的吞咽功能异常密切相关,借助该规律可更简捷、安全地判断患者吞咽障碍程度及类型,为不能接受VFSS检查的卒中后吞咽障碍患者进行康复治疗作指导。     

舌咽神经、迷走神经病损的中西医结合评定与疗效标准(草案)

舌咽神经、迷走神经属于后组颅神经。由于二者在咽部的功能密不可分,因此通常将该两组神经合并讨论。舌咽神经主要分布于咽腭弓、悬壅垂、软腭、咽腔、舌后1/3、鼓室、茎突咽肌、腮腺;迷走神经主要分布在后颅窝的硬脑膜、外耳道、耳甲腔、环甲肌、会厌、声门裂、舌根、梨状隐窝、大部分喉肌和声门裂以下黏膜、食管气管以下内脏管腔黏膜和平滑肌(迷走神经)。舌咽和迷走神经是吞咽动作的主要支配神经,舌咽神经     

老年胃肠疾病重要吗?

老年人的胃肠疾病常可导致严重的活动丧失,故胃肠病医师及研究者应予以关注。 咽下困难及大便失禁:最常引起老年人咽下困难的问题不在食管体或下食管括约肌而是影响食物从口腔通过食管上段括约肌的问题。病人因咀嚼、舌及咽部的肌肉无力,而更常见的是由于疾病影响肌肉或中枢神经系统而忘记如何吞咽从而无法起始吞咽过程。神经异常包括脑血管意外、器质性精神综合征及帕金森     

老年晚期肿瘤误吸与死亡的探讨

误吸指进食或非进食时吞咽过程中有数量不一的液体或固体食物(包括分泌物或血液等)进入到声门以下的气道,而不是象通常一样的全部食团随着吞咽动作顺利地进入到食管[1]。吞咽是一系列复杂的神经肌肉运动过程,受大脑支配,需口、咽、食管共同参与,其中任何一个部位的机能障碍均可导致误吸[2]。我科收治的多数为老年晚期肿瘤患者,老年人由于     

咽部扩张肌与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

咽腔是一个以吞咽、发音和呼吸为主要功能的通道。咽腔的功能是靠咽部肌肉群的协同活动来完成的，这种活动对呼吸功能尤为重要。近期的研究证实，咽部扩张肌与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)有密切和重要的关系，是研究OSAHS发病机制与合理治疗的关键，因此需要对咽部扩张肌有清楚的认识和足够的重视。     

血管通路的评价、选择及并发症防治

随着终末期肾衰竭患者的逐年增多，用于维持性血液透析患者的费用支出也逐年增加，其中相当比例的资金用于血管通路的建立及相关并发症的处理。据Lysaght估计，2001年全球维持性透析患者超过110万人，并以每年7％的速度增长，到2010年将达到200万人，今后10年医疗费用将超过1万亿美元。美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)估计，每年因血管通路建立和相     

我国骨关节结核诊治的回顾与展望

骨关节结核是危害人们健康的严重感染性疾病,近95％由他处结核病继发而来.罹患骨关节结核疾病后几乎均将致残,严重影响人们的健康、工作和生活.建国以来在党和国家的关心和支持下,骨关节结核的诊治水平取得了长足进步.时至今日,由于多种原因,学科发展和被重视程度受到一定的制约,同整个医疗行业的发展不相适应.回顾过去,展望未来,我们需要重新审视骨关节结核的诊治方法,努力推进骨关节结核诊疗技术的科学发展.     

妊娠时间与肺结核复发的相关性研究及诊治对策

目的 分析肺结核史患者妊娠时间和肺结核复发间相关性.方法 选取我院收治的有肺结核史的妊娠妇女576例作为研究对象,对其妊娠前肺结核治疗、治愈后妊娠时间、妊娠后复发肺结核等进行分析,总结有肺结核史育龄女性的妊娠时间和肺结核复发之间的关系.结果 肺结核治愈后不同时间段妊娠者的结核复发率比较,差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）,停药后间隔时间越久妊娠,肺结核复发的几率越小.结论 加强孕期痰菌检查,及早发现复发肺结核,提高母婴安全.     

Preparation and separation of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

An enzymatic method for synthesis of labelled thyroxine glucuronide (T4G) and triiodothyronine glucuronide (T3G) from labelled thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) is presented. The synthetic glucuronides are completely digested by beta-glucuronidase, with recovery of the parent T4 or T3. They have distinctive elution patterns on HPLC and on Sephadex G25 chromatography, and can be clearly separated from T4 and T3 as well as from synthetic T4 sulfate (T4S) and T3 sulfate (T3S). On LH 20 chromatography, elution of T4G and T3G is intermediate between that of T4 and T3 and that of T4S and T3S. T3G can be well separated from other thyronines by HPLC alone, but T4G coelutes with rT3 on HPLC; these are then separated by adding a Sephadex G25 chromatography step. Biosynthetic 131I-T3G and 125I-T4G from the bile of a cat given 131I-T3 and 125I-T4 had similar HPLC chromatographic patterns to those of synthetic T3G and T4G. That the identified peaks from analysis of the bile were indeed T3G and T4G was confirmed by recovery of the parent T3 and T4 after beta-glucuronidase digestion.     

Kinetics and persistence of cardiovascular and locomotor effects of immobilization stress and influence of ACTH treatment

Stress triggers crucial responses, including elevated blood pressure and heart rate (HR), to handle the emergency and restore homeostasis. However, continuation of these effects following cessation of the stress is implicated with many stress-related disorders. Here, we examine the kinetics and persistence of cardiovascular and locomotor responses to single and repeated immobilization stress (IMO), with and without prior treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Radiotelemetry probes were implanted into male Sprague-Dawley rats to continually monitor mean arterial pressure (MAP), HR and locomotor activity. Rats were subjected to IMO for 2 h daily (10 a.m. to noon, 6 consecutive days). The first IMO induced the greatest change in MAP (about 30 mm Hg) and HR (about 200 bpm). Following each IMO, MAP and HR were elevated during the remaining light phase and in the subsequent dark phase, HR was lower than prior to IMO. We further examined whether elevation of ACTH to a level similar to IMO will elicit similar effects, and if it will alter subsequent responses to IMO. Injection of ACTH (13 IU/kg, s.c.) triggered a short-lived rise in MAP, and decreased HR. After six daily injections of ACTH and recovery time (8 days), rats were immobilized as above. The cardiovascular responses were similar during the IMO, but the ACTH-pretreated group displayed differences following cessation of the IMO. In addition, IMO led to a large reduction of locomotor activity during the dark (normally active) phase to levels similar to the light phase. Following the IMOs, locomotor activity recovered more slowly in the ACTH-pretreated group. The study revealed that IMO-triggered cardiovascular and locomotor responses are evident after termination of the stress. In addition, prior exposure to ACTH delayed recovery in cardiovascular and locomotor functions following cessation of stress.     

Diagnosis and Management of Candida and Other Fungal Infections of the Head and Neck

Fungi are common inhabitants of the oral and nasal mucosa, and therefore the differentiation between colonization and pathogenicity in the setting of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms can be difficult. Fungal head and neck infections occur in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons, and patients with neutropenia, diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid use, and HIV infection are particularly susceptible to serious and potentially life-threatening infections. Invasive fungal head and neck infections generally require extensive surgical debridement and prolonged systemic antifungal therapy, and frequently carry a poor prognosis when the underlying immunosuppression cannot be corrected. In contrast, noninvasive fungal head and neck infections often respond to short courses of systemic or topical antifungal therapy, or require limited surgical debridement alone.