离体食管癌手术标本长度收缩规律的研究

背景与目的:食管癌手术标本在切除后和甲醛固定后会发生收缩,但对其收缩规律进行研究的报道较少。本研究拟观察离体食管癌手术标本在切除后和甲醛固定后的收缩规律。方法:对我院手术切除的70例食管鳞癌标本,术中在食管切除前,用直尺测量肿瘤长度、上切端长度和下切端长度;当食管癌手术标本切除离体后立即在肿瘤对面沿食管纵轴剖开,在无牵拉情况下,测量上述指标;用10%甲醛固定上述标本48h后,再测量上述指标。结果:离体后食管癌手术标本与其体内实际长度的比率分别为:上切缘(40.71±10.02)%,肿瘤(83.59±16.57)%,下切缘(58.41±12.03)%;用10%甲醛固定48h后,食管癌手术标本与其体内实际长度的比率分别为:上切缘(40.06±10.50)%,肿瘤(80.92±15.88)%,下切缘(54.83±11.29)%。食管癌手术标本的上切缘长度,下切缘长度与肿瘤长度,在切除后及甲醛固定后与其体内实际长度相比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:食管癌手术标本在切除后及甲醛固定后与其体内实际长度相比有显著的收缩。     

基于食管癌病理标本长度推算的实际长度与CT长度的比较研究

目的 探讨CT扫描在确定食管癌病变长度方面与实际长度上的差异及其符合程度.方法 采用病理大切片技术对52例食管癌行肿瘤组织标本固定后收缩比研究,得出换算实际长度的收缩比.137例患者术前行螺旋CT扫描并在CT图像上行食管癌靶区勾画和长度测量,术后测量食管癌标本固定后长度,根据收缩比回推实际长度,比较两者差异和符合率.结果 食管癌平均收缩为术中长度的90%±10%.食管癌实际长度为(4.1±1.8)cm,CT长度为(5.8±2.4)am,两者差异有统计学意义(t=9.68,P=0.000).CT长度与实际长度相符者56例,仅占40.9%(56/137).结论 食管癌CT长度与实际长度相比存在一定差距,确定合理的食管癌病变长度要参考食管钡餐造影、食管镜等检查结果来综合判断.     

食管癌和贲门癌切除术残端阳性22例分析

本文报告食管癌和贲门癌切除术311例,残端癌的阳性率为7.1％(22/311),其中食管癌为5.4％(12/221),贲门癌为11.1％(10/90)。并分析了残端癌发生的相关因素。认为断端癌组织阳性与胃、食管切除的长度、是否有淋巴结转移。肿瘤的组织类型有关。3年随访结果表明断端癌组织阳性者的预后明显低于阴性患者,但断端癌组织并不影响局部吻合口愈合。     

食管癌术前放疗与术后标本断端残癌关系的研究：（附48例报告）

本文对1981年至1983年间施行术前放疗与外科综合治疗的48例和同期单一外科治疗的150例中、下段食管癌术后标本的断端残癌进行了研究。结果表明:术前放疗组标本断端发现2例残癌;占4.2％(2/48);单一外科治疗组发现27例残癌,占18％(27/150)。两组残癌阳性率,在统计学上有显著性差异(P<0.05)。表明术前放疗对残癌的发生有预防作用。文中对其预防断端残癌的机制作了探讨。     

食管癌术后切缘癌39例分析

食管瘤外科治疗中，切除的食管在其断端查见癌细胞并非罕见，对此发生的原因及其意义，文献鲜有报导。本文就本所1000例食管癌切除标本经病理检查出断端切缘癌39例，占3．9％，现作如下分析。资料与结果一、临床资料男性25例，女性14例，上断端切缘癌33例（其中包括原位癌4例），下断端切缘癌6例。胸下段食管瘤29例，胸中段食管癌10例。39例中食管肿瘤最长6cm，最短3cm。二、临床病理资料切除标本1000例均送病理检查，对标本的上、下断端常规进行切片诊断，结果发现切缘有癌细胞残留39例，占全部切除病例的3．9％，上切线33例，占3，3％。从…     

大肠癌及癌旁黏膜组织中端粒酶活性检测的临床意义

目的：研究端粒酶活性检测在大肠癌临床诊断和确定手术切除范围中的意义。方法：应用已建立的银染TRAP方法，检测29例大肠癌组织及癌旁（近端即食管端距癌组织2cm,4cm,6cm,10cm，远端即肛门端距癌组织2cm,4cm,6cm) 黏膜组织，共8个标本的端粒酶活性。结果：大肠癌组织的端粒酶活性阳性率为89．7％（26／29），其中近端2cm癌旁黏膜组织的阳性率为13．8％（4／29），远端2cm癌旁黏膜组织的阳性率为3．4％（1／29），而近端4cm,6cm,10cm，远端4cm,6cm癌旁黏膜组织端粒酶活性检测阳性率均为0（0／29），端粒酶活性与大肠癌的分化程度及肠系膜淋巴结转移无相关性（P＞0．05）。结论：端粒酶活性既有可能成为大肠癌诊断的标志物，又可望为临床上确定手术切除范围提供一定的依据。     

c-myc与PCNA在哈萨克族食管癌组织中的表达及其临床相关性研究

目的：研究肿瘤相关基因c-myc和PCNA在哈萨克族食管癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法：采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应方法（RT-PCR）检测48例哈萨克族食管癌切除标本中癌组织与远端正常组织c-myc与PCNA mRNA表达水平,并分析两者与临床病理指标的关系。结果：癌组织中c-myc mRNA表达阳性率（79.2%）高于其远癌正常组织为（56.3%）,其差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;癌组织中PCNA mRNA表达阳性率（100%）高于癌远端正常组织（47.9%）,其差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;在临床早期病例中c-myc基因在癌组织及癌远端正常组织中的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：c-myc及PCNA基因的mRNA水平升高可能是哈萨克族食管癌组织中的频发事件,c-myc可能参与了哈萨克族食管癌发生的早期过程。     

74例病变长度≤4cm胸段食管癌术后病理结果分析

外科手术是食管癌的主要治疗手段之一 ,与术后远期疗效之相关因素较多 ,如病变的纵轴长度 (Ｌ)、手术性质、病理分化程度、临床病理分期、有无淋巴结转移、残端有无癌组织残留等 ,术后病理检查结果分析对外科治疗效果及疾病的预后有着客观的评价和预见。本组对 74例病变Ｌ≤ 4ｃｍ的食管癌病人术后标本病理检查结果进行统计分析如下。1　临床资料74例中 ,男 5 0例 ,女 2 4例 ,年龄最大 75岁 ,最小4 4岁 ,平均 5 9.2岁 ,其中肿瘤位于胸上段者 16例 ,胸中段者 39例 ,胸下段者 19例。食管胸中、下段癌均行左后外侧开胸、部分食管切除、主动脉弓…     

从食管癌多癌灶及壁内外播散探讨手术范围

目的 探讨胸段食管癌根治性手术切除的长度和广度。方法 对1992年3月～1996年1月食管癌全胸段食管切除标本连续切片结果及淋巴结转移情况进行研究。结果 癌灶黏膜下浸润食管长度在3.3 cm以下;黏膜多灶癌相距最长长度7.4 cm;黏膜下癌栓可扩散2.48 cm。4％的病例食管肿瘤上缘5 cm以上的食管壁有多灶癌,食管中段癌淋巴结转移特点为上下双向转移;食管下段癌主要沿食管壁下行转移至腹腔淋巴结,4％的病例有颈部及上纵隔淋巴结转移。结论 建议胸内各段食管癌均作全胸段食管切除及纵隔和腹腔淋巴结清扫,有利于癌瘤彻底切除。     

CT及DWI对确定食管癌病变长度的病理对照研究

目的 探讨分别依据CT扫描及DWI确定食管癌病变长度的准确性,为食管癌靶区勾画提供优选的影像学参考方法。方法 2012—2013年前瞻性入组 35例胸段食管癌患者,根治术前完善食管内窥镜、胸腹CT及DWI扫描,分别依据各项检查确定病变长度并与手术切除标本病理标本实测长度相比较。分析各种影像学方法所测食管病变长度与病理标本实测长度的符合程度。一致性检验采用组内相关系数(ICC)法及Bland-Altman法。结果 全组 4例患者于DWI序列未见高信号表现,假阴性率为11%,均为T₁期,占44%(4/9)。31例可供DWI病变长度分析,术后病理标本肿瘤长度为4.58 cm,内窥镜、CT扫描、b=600、800、1000 s/mm²条件下DWI图像所测肿瘤长度分别为4.56、5.58、4.41、3.99、3.83 cm,ICC值分别为0.703、0.764、0.946、0.890、0.882,P值均为0.000。Bland-Altman法分析结果中以内窥镜和b=600 s/mm²条件下DWI所测肿瘤长度与病理标本实测长度的一致程度最高。结论 DWI技术所测食管肿瘤长度与病理标本实测长度较为接近,以b=600 s/mm²条件下病变测量信度为优,DWI技术对早期食管癌诊断价值有限。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.