高与低表达RSK4基因人乳腺癌细胞株的筛选及鉴定

目的:探讨核糖体S6激酶4(RSK4)抑癌基因在人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231、T47D、Bcap37和MCF-7中的表达,并筛选出高和低表达RSK4基因的乳腺癌细胞。方法:逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和蛋白质印迹法从mRNA和蛋白水平检测RSK4在MDA-MB-231、T47D、Bcap-37和MCF-7 4种乳腺癌细胞株中的表达。结果:人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231、T47D、Bcap37和MCF-7中均有RSK4基因表达,其中,MCF-7细胞RSK4表达水平最高,为表达量最低的MDA-MB-231细胞的2.9倍,MCF-7细胞RSK4蛋白表达水平也最高,与其他3种细胞株相比,差异有统计学意义,P<0.001。RT-PCR法和蛋白质印迹法检测结果一致,具有高度相关性,r=0.766,P<0.001。结论:人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7为高表达RSK4基因的细胞,MDA-MB-231细胞为低表达RSK4基因的细胞,两者均可作为人乳腺癌细胞中研究RSK4基因的实验材料。     

RNA干扰Semaphorin 4D表达对乳腺癌细胞增殖、周期及迁移的影响

目的 :研究Semaphorin 4D(Sema 4D)表达沉默对乳腺癌细胞增殖、周期及迁移的影响,初步探讨该蛋白在乳腺癌发生和发展中的作用。方法 :实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质印迹法检测Sema 4D在不同转移潜能的乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231和MCF-7中的表达水平。采用短发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA,sh RNA)慢病毒感染法,建立Sema 4D稳定低表达的MDA-MB-231细胞系,然后采用CCK-8法、FCM法、划痕愈合实验及Transwell迁移实验检测细胞增殖、周期分布及迁移能力的变化。结果 :Sema 4D在MDA-MB-231细胞中表达水平明显高于MCF-7细胞(P<0.05);sh RNA慢病毒感染可明显下调MDA-MB-231细胞中Sema4D的表达;与空白对照组比较,Sema 4D干扰组的MDA-MB-231细胞增殖明显被抑制(P<0.05),G0/G1期细胞所占比例明显增高(P<0.05),而细胞迁移能力明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:Sema 4D在高转移潜能的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞中高表达,sh RNA干扰Sema 4D表达可抑制该细胞的增殖和迁移,并阻滞细胞周期于G1期。     

miRNA-34a抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231的增殖与侵袭

目的:研究miRNA-34a(miR-34a)对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231的生物调控作用。方法:采用定量PCR检测人乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A,乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7、T47D、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453、Hs578T中miR-34a的表达水平。通过miR-34a mimics分别上调MCF-7、MDA-MB-231细胞中miR-34a的表达水平,MTT和Transwell检测肿瘤细胞增殖能力、侵袭力等生物学行为的变化。结果:乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、T47D、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453、Hs578T中miR-34a处于低表达水平。通过miR-34a mimics上调MCF-7、MDA-MB-231细胞中miR-34a的表达后,细胞的增殖能力被miR-34a抑制（P＜0.05）,miR-34a对细胞侵袭有显著抑制作用（P＜0.05）。结论:miR－34a在乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、T47D、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453及Hs578T中低表达,miR-34a抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231的细胞增殖和侵袭能力。     

hCLP46基因在不同侵袭转移潜能乳腺癌细胞表达中的差异及其意义

目的 探讨hCLP46基因在MCF-7和MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞中表达的差异性及其意义。方法 采用RT-PCR的方法检测2个细胞系(乳腺癌低度侵袭转移细胞系MCF-7、中度侵袭转移细胞系MDA-MB-231)中hCLP46 mRNA的表达差异。取MCF-7和MDA-MB-231细胞株进行培养,分别加入100 μmol/L的转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)并设对照组,培养72 h,用Western-blot方法分析P15蛋白表达。结果 RT-PCR检测hCLP46结果显示,在MCF-7和MDA-MB-231细胞系中,内参基因GAPDH的表达量相近,hCLP46基因在两个细胞系中均表达,其中MDA-MB-231细胞系中的表达高于MCF-7细胞系。两个细胞系分别加入TGF-β培养72 h后,与相应的对照细胞系相比,P15的表达均有降低,hCLP46基因高表达的MDA-MB-231细胞中P15表达较MCF-7细胞显著降低。结论 hCLP46基因过表达可能抑制TGF-β对MDA-MB-231和MCF-7乳腺癌细胞P15基因的上调,hCLP46可能在乳腺癌的发病中起到一定作用。     

FSIP1促进乳腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭并导致患者不良预后

目的 探讨乳腺癌组织中纤维鞘相互作用蛋白1(FSIP1)表达对乳腺癌细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响及其与乳腺癌患者预后的关系,从而为乳腺癌的诊断和治疗提供一定的理论参考。方法 收集2004年1月—2018年12月于哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院确诊的404例乳腺癌患者的乳腺组织样本和病例资料,对收集的乳腺癌患者资料进行回顾性分析并采用Kaplan-Meier方法绘制生存曲线,采用免疫组织化学方法分析FSIP1在乳腺癌和癌旁组织中的表达情况,取乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-435、SK-BR-3、T-47D及正常乳腺上皮细胞(HMECs)MCF-10A进行细胞培养,采用CRISPR/CAS9技术敲除乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231和SK-BR-3中的FSIP1基因,通过Western blot实验检测各乳腺癌细胞系中FSIP1蛋白的表达情况并对FSIP1基因敲除结果进行检测,通过细胞迁移和侵袭实验评估FSIP1蛋白敲除对乳腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响。结果 与正常乳腺上皮细胞(MCF-10A)相比,乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-435、SK-BR-3、T-47D中FSIP1的表达水平均显著升高(P＜0.01);与癌旁乳腺组织相比,乳腺癌组织中FSIP1的表达水平显著升高(P＜0.01);生存分析结果显示,FSIP1表达水平较高的乳腺癌患者总生存期显著缩短(P＜0.001),且FSIP1的表达水平与乳腺癌患者的临床分期(P=0.006)及细胞增殖标记物Ki-67(P=0.0067)表达相关;迁移实验和侵袭实验结果显示,敲除FSIP1基因后乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231和SK-BR-3的迁移和侵袭能力显著降低(P＜0.01)。结论 FSIP1在乳腺癌细胞中高表达能够增强其迁移和侵袭能力,并与患者预后不良相关。     

CXCR4和Survivin启动子的克隆及其在乳腺癌细胞系的转录特异性分析

目的:评估CXCR4和Survivin启动子在乳腺癌细胞系中的特异转录活性.方法:采用PCR方法扩增CXCR4和Survivin启动子序列,将其分别克隆到舍有报告基因增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的质粒载体pEGFP-1和含有荧光素酶(LUC)的质粒载体pGL3-Basic,经脂质体分别转染乳腺癌细胞系(MCF-7MDA-MB-231和T-47D)和乳腺上皮细胞(HBL-100).荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达情况,并测定2个启动子在乳腺癌细胞中的荧光素酶活性.结果:CXCR4和Sur-vivin启动子在3种乳腺癌细胞中均表现特异的转录活性.CXCR4启动子在MDA-MB-231中的活性高于Survivin启动子(P=0.004);而在MCF-7细胞中活性低于Survivin启动子(P=0.006),两者在T-47D细胞中的启动子活性相当,P=0.615.结论:CXCR4和Survivin启动子在乳腺癌细胞中具有强的特异转录活性,且在不同乳腺癌细胞类型表现的转录特异性有一定差异.     

抑癌基因RSK4的表达与乳腺癌细胞体外侵袭力的相关性研究

目的:探讨RSK4 mRNA在4株乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231、T47D、Bcap-37、MCF-7中的表达,分析RSK4 mRNA表达情况与4组细胞侵袭力之间的关系,进而探讨RSK4的抑癌机制.方法:通过RT-PCR方法检测4组乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231、T47D、Bcap-37、MCF-7中RSK4 mRNA的表达情况,用Transwell小室法检测4组细胞的侵袭力、运动力,分析二者之间的关系.结果:4组乳腺癌细胞株体外侵袭力、迁移力高低顺序依次为:MDA-MB-231＞T47D＞Bcap-37＞MCF-7(P＜0.001),4组细胞两两之间比较,有显著性差异;相关性分析显示,其侵袭力与迁移力呈显著性正相关(r=0.822,P＜0.001＝.RSK4 mRNA表达水平的顺序依次为:MDA-MB-231＜T47D＜Bcap-37＜MCF-7(P＜0.001),4组细胞两两之间比较,有显著性差异.RSK4 mRNA相关表达与乳腺癌细胞体外侵袭能力呈负相关(r=-0.948,P＜0.001),RSK4 mRNA表达越高的细胞其体外侵袭能力越弱.结论:RSK4基因参与乳腺癌的发展过程,并与乳腺癌的生物学行为有关,RSK4 mRNA的表达水平在评价乳腺癌细胞体外侵袭力方面具有重要意义.     

B7-H3沉默对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞上皮间质转化及生物学功能的影响

目的:探讨B7-H3沉默对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞上皮间质转化及生物学行为的影响。方法:通过脂质体Lipofectamine TM 2000转染B7-H3 siRNA干涉载体pSilencer4.1-CMV neo/B7-H3到乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,经G418筛选后获得B7-H3沉默细胞株MDA-MB-231-ShB7-H3,利用qRT-PCR及Western blot分别检测对照组(WT)、无关干涉组(ShNC)和B7-H3干涉组(ShB7-H3)细胞中B7-H3、EMT标志分子mRNA及蛋白表达水平;利用Transwell实验检测各组细胞迁移和侵袭能力;利用MTT细胞增殖实验评价各组细胞增殖情况。结果:通过qRT-PCR和Western blot证实B7-H3沉默表达的MDA-MB-231细胞株构建成功;与对照组细胞相比,B7-H3沉默表达抑制MDA-MB-231细胞EMT进程,上皮细胞标志分子E-cadherin和ZO-1表达上调,而间质细胞标志分子vimentin和αSMA表达下调;Transwell实验及MTT细胞增殖实验结果表明B7-H3沉默抑制MDA-MB-231细胞迁移、侵袭及增殖能力。结论:我们的研究结果强调了B7-H3在人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中的重要作用,并提示B7-H3与乳腺癌细胞EMT、转移密切相关,并为以B7-H3为靶点的乳腺癌转移治疗提供初步的实验及理论基础。     

乳腺癌细胞体外摄取2-脱氧葡萄糖荧光类似物

目的 观察2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-DG)荧光类似物2-N[7-硝基苯-2-乙二酸,34羟氨基]-2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-NBDG)被高表达葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT-1)的乳腺癌细胞靶向摄取的情况.方法 应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法和免疫组化法检测乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞GLUT-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,采用Western blot法比较乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞和MCF-7细胞GLUT-1的蛋白表达量.应用2-NBDG孵育人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,采用荧光显微镜及流式细胞仪观察、分析对2-NBDG的摄取情况,比较MDA-MB-231和MCF-7细胞吸收2-NBDG量的差异.结果 RT-PCR和免疫组化检测结果显示,MDA-MB-231细胞高表达GLUT-1;Western blot检测结果进一步显示,MDA-MB-231细胞的GLUT-1表达(0.946 4±0.007)高于MCF-7(0.833±0.010).荧光成像及流式细胞仪分析结果显示,MDA-MB-231细胞能快速摄取2-NBDG,且加入50 mmol/L D-葡萄糖后,荧光强度降低了46.0%.2-NBDG孵育乳腺癌细胞20 min后,MDA-MB-231细胞荧光强度(25.10±0.57)明显高于MCF-7细胞(10.12±0.62).结论 2-NBDG能迅速被高表达GLUT-1的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞靶向吸收.     

人乳腺癌组织中miR-34a的表达及其在乳腺癌细胞系中的功能研究

目的 探讨miR-34a在人乳腺癌组织和细胞中的表达情况及对乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231增殖、迁移侵袭和凋亡等生物学行为的影响,为研究乳腺癌组织中miR-34a的作用及深入了解乳腺癌发生发展的分子机制奠定理论基础。方法 通过实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测miR-34a在20例人乳腺癌组织和癌旁正常组织中表达量的差异并比较其在人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231、MCF-7和正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A中的表达差异;体外利用脂质体转染技术,转染miR-34a的模拟物（miR-34a mimic）和标记FAM（绿色荧光）的阴性对照(negative control ,miR-NC)进入MDA-MB-231细胞,研究miR-34a对细胞增殖活性、迁移和侵袭能力以及凋亡和周期分布的影响。结果 miR-34a在乳腺癌组织中的表达量较正常癌旁组织下调(P＜0.01);在MDA-MB-231、MCF-7和MCF-10A中的表达呈依次增高的趋势(P＜0.01);转染miR-34a mimic与转染miR-NC的MDA-MB-231相比,其增殖活力、迁移和侵袭能力均下降(P＜0.01),凋亡增加(P＜0.01),细胞周期被阻滞在G1/G0期（P＜0.01）。结论 miR-34a在乳腺癌组织和细胞系MDA-MB-231及MCF-7中的表达较正常组织和MCF-10A中都明显下调;miR-34a能够抑制肿瘤细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖、侵袭迁移,增加细胞凋亡率,使细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1;miR-34a可能起到抑癌作用,其表达水平与乳腺癌的发生发展密切相关。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

裘法祖教授生平

Prof.Fazu Qiu,member of the Chinese Communist Party,surgery professor of Tongji Hospital,departed in Tongji Hospital,Wuhan,China,at fourteen to nine a.m,June 14,2008,after a disease.He turns 94 this year.He was the senior academician of the Academia Sinica,the illustrious medical scientist of China,and the Honorary Director of Tongji Medical College,as well as Huazhong University of Science & Technology.     

Dermatomycosis in Dogs

During the routine examination of dogs for cutaneous lesions, 205 dogs were screened for fungi other than dermatophytes. Twenty-two dogs (10.8%) revealed the presence of non-dermatophytic fungi suspicious for representing the etiologic agents of the skin lesions. The fungi isolated were Alternaria sp. (2.9%), Penicillium sp. (2.4%), Aspergillus fumigatus (2.0%), Mucor sp. (1.5%), Cladosporium sp. (1.5%) and Fusarium sp. (0.5%). No dermatophyte was isolated in association with these fungi. The incidence of these infections was found to be greater in warm and humid climate.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Oncogénétique et psycho-oncologie, une collaboration recommandée...

Résumé: La possibilité depuis 1994, de connaître la probabilité individuelle de développer certains cancers a permis de proposer de nouvelles modalités de prévention, de traitements et contribué au développement actuel de loncogénétique. Une meilleure connaissance des répercussions psychologiques tant pour les patients que pour les apparentés est désormais possible et limplication des psycho-oncologues dans ce cadre de la réalisation des tests prédictifs, recommandée. La mission de «messager» qui incombe au «cas-index» doit faire lobjet dune attention particulière. La complexité de linformation et la dimension paradoxale que peut avoir parfois la communication à propos des choix, rend difficile lévaluation de la qualité du consentement. La situation particulièrement délicate dune aide à la décision à légard de la chirurgie prophylactique, exige une collaboration étroite des généticiens et des psycho-oncologues.Les soins de support en oncologie     

The role of papillomaviruses in human cancers

This review comprehensively evaluates the influence of gene-gene, gene-environment and multiple interactions on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods of studying these interactions and their limitations have been discussed herein. There is a need to develop biomarkers of exposure and of risk that are sensitive, specific, present in the pathway of the disease, and that have been clinically tested for routine use. The influence of inherited variation (polymorphism) in several genes has been discussed in this review; however, due to study limitations and confounders, it is difficult to conclude which ones are associated with the highest risk (either individually or in combination with environmental factors) to CRC. The majority of the sporadic cancer is believed to be due to modification of mutation risk by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Micronutrient deficiency may explain the association between low consumption of fruit/vegetables and CRC in human studies. Mitochondrial modulation by dietary factors influences the balance between cell renewal and death critical in colon mucosal homeostasis. Both genetic and epigenetic interactions are intricately dependent on each other, and collectively influence the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. The genetic and environmental interactions present a good prospect and a challenge for prevention strategies for CRC because they support the view that this highly prevalent cancer is preventable.     

Antifungal combination therapy in localized candidosis

A mouse model of localized candidosis in air-filled subcutaneous cysts imitating thrush has been developed. We have now tested various antifungal combinations in this animal model. Flucytosine (5-FC) + amphotericin B (Amph B) showed the highest efficacy, a clear additive or even synergistic effect was seen. The combination of 5-FC + imidazole or triazole derivative was less efficacious, an additive effect was rare. The combination of 5-FC + Amph B was also tested against Candida albicans strains showing various degrees of 5-FC-resistance. A significant reduction in 5-FC-resistant mutants was seen after the treatment with the combination.     

Les génériques en cancérologie: à molécule identique, médicaments identiques? Les biosimilaires, des super-génériques?

Résumé: Les biosimilaires vont bientôt voir leur apparition en Europe. Comment un laboratoire peut-il aborder le développement de son dossier dAMM? Quelles sont les bases légales et les recommandations officielles? Comment la similarité et/ou le caractère générique peuvent-ils être démontrés? Les règles sont-elles identiques à celles des produits chimiques conventionnels pour lesquels, notamment en cancérologie, il existe des médicaments génériques? Comment faire pour que la sécurité et lefficacité des médicaments biosimilaires soient assurées pour les patients?