重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌医院感染病例对照研究

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的危险因素,为制定医院感染的防治策略、措施提供依据.方法 采用回顾性病例对照研究和非条件Logistic多元回归分析方法,分析2002年1月至2006年12月1 950例ICU患者铜绿假单胞菌医院感染危险因素.结果 64例患者发生铜绿假单胞菌医院感染(作为感染组),发生率为3.3%.同期与感染组同一科室的37例发生大肠埃希菌医院感染患者作为对照组.单因素分析结果:使用激素、昏迷或颅脑损伤、腹部手术、有胸腹引流管、机械通气、开放气道是铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的危险因素[使用激素:相对比值比(OR)=3.364,95%可信区间(95%CI)1.445～7.830;昏迷或颅脑损伤:OR=4.026,95%CI 1.545～10.490;腹部手术,OR=0.166,95%CI 0.068～0.403;有胸腹引流管:OR=0.350,95%CI 0.150～0.818;开放气道:OR=4.095,95%CI 1.638～10.740].多因素Logistic分析结果:铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的独立危险因素有使用激素、机械通气(使用激素:OR=3.143,95%CI 1.115～8.856;机械通气:OR=3.195,95%CI 1.607～6.353,P＜0.05和P＜0.01).结论 使用激素和机械通气是铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的独立危险因素,应针对危险因素采取措施以控制医院感染.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors of nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit (ICU), in order to provide reference for an effective measure of infection control. Methods A retrospective study of cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection occurring in ICU was made with multivariable Logistic regression analysis. The clinical data of 1 950 cases admitted from January 2002 to December 2006 were found to have nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed in order to identify its independent risk factors. Results Sixty-four out of 1 950 patients were found to suffer from nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the morbidity rate was 3.3%. At the same time, and in the same department, 37 patients suffering from infection caused by Escherichia coli, served as control group. Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors for nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the use of corticosteroid, unconsciousness or craniocerebral trauma, abdominal surgery, thorax/abdomen drainage tube, mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy [the use of corticosteroid: odds ratio (OR)=3.364, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.4457.830; unconsciousness or craniocerebral trauma: OR=4.026, 95%CI 1.54510.490; abdominal surgery: OR=0.166, 95%CI 0.0680.403; thorax/abdomen drainage tube: OR=0.350, 95%CI 0.1500.818;tracheostomy: OR=4.095, 95%CI 1.63810.740]. Multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors of nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU were: the use of corticosteroid and mechanical ventilation [the use of corticosteroid: OR=3.143, 95%CI 1.1158.856; mechanical ventilation: OR=3.195, 95%CI 1.6076.353, P<0.05 and P<0.01]. Conclusion The independent risk factors of nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU are the use of corticosteroid and mechanical ventilation. Measures should be taken to take care of the risk factors in order to prevent nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU.     

重症监护病房内嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌医院感染肺炎的临床及耐药性研究

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and resistance of Stenotrophomona maltophila in intensive care unit.Methods 47 cases with nosocomial pneumonia by Stenotrophomona maltophila in intensive care unit from Jan 2003 to Nov 2007 were studied retrospectively.Results All patients had clinical symptoms,treatment with broad spectrum of antibiotics,the length of stay in ICU,artificial airways,mechanical ventilation,central venous catheter and usage of immunosuppressor,all the factor were obviously related with Stenotrophomona maltophila;SMITMP,ticarcillin/clavulanate,cefoperazone/sulbactam,levo-floxacin,ciprofloxacin were higher susceptive to S: maltophila,in range of 80.85%～61.7%.Conclusion The drug resistance in this kind of bacterium is extremely severe,and it mainly cause the infection of respiratory tract.Decreasing days being in hospital and ICU,using antibiotic reasonably,reducing invasive operation may decrease the infection of S.maltophila.     

重症监护病房内嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌医院感染肺炎的临床及耐药性研究

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and resistance of Stenotrophomona maltophila in intensive care unit.Methods 47 cases with nosocomial pneumonia by Stenotrophomona maltophila in intensive care unit from Jan 2003 to Nov 2007 were studied retrospectively.Results All patients had clinical symptoms,treatment with broad spectrum of antibiotics,the length of stay in ICU,artificial airways,mechanical ventilation,central venous catheter and usage of immunosuppressor,all the factor were obviously related with Stenotrophomona maltophila;SMITMP,ticarcillin/clavulanate,cefoperazone/sulbactam,levo-floxacin,ciprofloxacin were higher susceptive to S: maltophila,in range of 80.85%～61.7%.Conclusion The drug resistance in this kind of bacterium is extremely severe,and it mainly cause the infection of respiratory tract.Decreasing days being in hospital and ICU,using antibiotic reasonably,reducing invasive operation may decrease the infection of S.maltophila.     

浙江省8家医院创伤患者死亡危险因素分析

目的 探讨导致创伤患者死亡的危险因素以及改进创伤急救的措施.方法 整理2009年全年浙江省8所医院急诊室首诊的创伤患者的病例资料,结合创伤急救的各个环节,挑选可能导致患者死亡的相关因素,通过单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析方法,得到导致创伤患者死亡的独立危险因素.结果 2009年浙江省8所医院共有3 659名患者纳入了本次研究,其中死亡226人,病死率为6.18%.单因素分析结果提示,年龄、创伤机制、ISS评分、GCS评分、专业现场急救、转送途中气管插管、转送途中清创止血、入院时低血压、昏迷、急诊室胸腔闭式引流、急诊手术、ICU内中心静脉压监测和ICU内机械通气的患者死亡相关.多因素Logistic回归分析提示,GCS评分、ISS评分、机械通气、入院时低血压、年龄是患者死亡的独立危险因素,有效的专业现场急救是保护因素.结论 患者的伤情严重程度和年龄是影响患者结局的重要因素.加强院前急救,早期稳定患者伤情以及合理使用ICU内监护设施有助于进一步降低创伤救治的病死率.

Abstract：

Objective To explore risk factors in the mortality of casualties and to find a way to improve trauma emergency service. Method The possible factors likely related to the mortality of casualties were taken into account based on each stage of trauma emergency so as to find the independent risk factors by using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results A total of 3 659 casualties were enrolled in this study.Of them, 226 casualties died and the mortality rate was 6.18%. Following factors were related to mortality after univariate analysis: age, cause of trauma, injury severity score, Glasgow come scale come on the scene, professional emergency treatment on the scene, intubation in the ambulance, debridement and hemostasis in the ambulance, low blood pressure at admission, closed drainage of pleural cavity, emergency operation, CVP monitoring in ICU and mechanical ventilation in ICU. After multivariate analysis, six factors were independently related to the mortality of casualties as follows: Glasgow coma scale, injury severity score, mechanical ventilation, blood pressure at admission, age and professional emergency treatment on the scene. Conclusions It has a great significance to investigate the risk factors of mortality for casualties. Severity of trauma and age were independently associated with the outcomes of trauma. Besides, improving prehospital care and stabilizing the trauma patients in early phase can further decrease the mortality.     

Dabigatran etixilate and traumatic brain injury: Evolving anticoagulants require evolving care plans

AIM: To investigate the outcomes of trauma patients with traumatic brain injury(TBI) on Dabigatran Etexilate(DE). METHODS: Following IRB approval, all patients taking DE who were admitted to our level 1 trauma service were enrolled in the study. Injury complexity, length of stay(LOS), intensive care length of stay, operative intervention, therapeutic interventions and outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 4310 admissions were taking DE. Eleven patients were excluded on concurrent antiplatelet therapy. Average age was 77.14 years(64-94 years), and average LOS was 4.7 d(1-35 d). Thirty-two percent were admitted with intracranial hemorrhage. Eighteen percent received factor Ⅶ, and 22% received dialysis in attempts to correct coagulopathy. Mortality was 21%.CONCLUSION: The low incidence, absence of reversal agents, and lack of practice guidelines makes managing patients with TBI taking DE frustrating and provider specific. Local practice guidelines may be helpful in managing such patients.     

肿瘤外科ICU室上性心律失常的发生率及危险因素分析

目的 探讨肿瘤外科ICU室上性心律失常(SVAs)的发生率及危险因素.方法 回顾分析我院ICU 2008年11月至2009年10月间收治570例患者的临床资料,对SVAs可能的影响因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic分析.结果 13例有心房颤动病史的患者被除外,入选557例.SVAs发生率为12.93%(72/557).多因素分析显示年龄(OR=1.066,95%CI:I.034～1.099,P＜0.001)、冠心病病史(OR=2.644,95%CI:1.459～4.790,P＜0.05)、转入时确诊为脓毒症(OR=2.374,95%CI:1.098～5.135,P＜0.05)和胸部外科手术操作(OR=2.322,95%CI:1.061～5.084,P＜0.05)是SVAs发生的独立危险因素.SVAs患者与非SVAs组住ICU时间[2(1～77)、3(1～40)d,Z=-3.505,P＜0.001]和APACHEⅡ评分[9(0～37)、11(3～38)分,Z=-3.332,P=0.001],差异有统计学意义.SVAs组死亡9例(12.5%),非SVAs组死亡19例(3.9%),病死率差异有统计学意义(x2=9.673,P=0.002).结论 肿瘤外科ICU患者术后SVAs的发生率较高,年龄、冠心病病史、转入ICU时确诊有脓毒症和胸部外科手术操作是术后SVAs发生的独立危险因素.SVAs增加患者住ICU时间,是反映患者病情严重性的一种标志.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the incidence and to investigate risk factors of supraventricular arrhythmia (SVAs) in postoperative cancer patients in intensive care unit ( ICU ). Methods Data of 570 patients consecutively admitted to oncologic surgical ICU of Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from Nov. 2008 to Oct. 2009 were retrospectively collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis were conducted for potential factors that influenced SAVs. Results Thirteen patients with a history of atrial fibrillation (AF) were excluded and 557 patients were eligible for the study. SVAs occurred in 72 patients ( 12. 93% ). Multivariate analysis showed four independent predictors of SVAs including age ( OR = 1. 066,95%CI: 1. 034 - 1. 099,P ＜0. 001 ) ,a history of coronary heart diseases ( OR = 2. 644,95% CI: 1. 459 - 4. 790,P ＜ 0. 05), sepsis ( OR = 2. 374,95% CI: 1. 098 - 5. 135, P ＜ 0. 05 ) and intra-thoracic procedure ( OR =2. 322,95 % CI: 1.061 - 5.084, P ＜ 0. 05 ) . ICU length of stay, severity ( APACHE Ⅱ scores in SVAs patients) were significantly greater in patients who were not affected by SVAs ( ICU stay: [2 ( 1 ～ 77 )]vs [3 ( 1 ～ 40 )]days,P ＜ 0. 001; APACHE Ⅱ score: [9 (0 ～ 37 )] vs [11 (3 ～ 38 )], P = 0. 001 ). Nine cases died in SVAs patients ( 12. 5% ) and 19 died in the non-SVAs patients (3.9%), with significant difference between the two groups( x2 = 9. 673, P = 0. 002). Conclusion In oncologic surgical ICU, the incidence of SVAs is high. Age,history of coronary heart diseases, sepsis and intra-thoracic procedure were independent rsik factors of SVAs. SVAs prolong ICU length of stay. SVAs is a marker of critical illness severity.     

严重创伤患者放射学检查的构成及影响因素

目的 了解严重创伤患者救治中放射学检查的构成及影响因素,为优化放射学检查策略提供依据.方法 为前瞻性观察研究,收集浙江大学医学院附属第二医院(三级甲等综合性医院)急诊ICU于2010年4-7月收治的60例严重创伤患者的资料,描述放射学检查的类型、数量、部位构成及同一部位重复检查情况;比较不同治疗阶段放射学检查部位构成和数量的差异;分析放射学检查的数量与患者年龄、受伤部位数目、损伤严重度评分(ISS)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、ICU和总住院时间等因素的相关性.结果 (1)60例患者的放射学检查主要为X线片和CT,人均摄片量的中位数为6(四分位数3～11),人均CT检查量中位数为10(四分位数8.0～13.8).(2)X线片的应用在急诊室、ICU、普通病房3个阶段相对均衡(x2=4.043,P=0.132),CT则主要在急诊室和ICU阶段完成(x2=20.274,P<0.01).(3)不同治疗阶段X线片和CT检查的部位构成不同(x2=114.609,75.932,均P<0.01).(4)CT检查数量与受伤部位数、ISS值、ICU和总住院天数存在相关性(r分别为0.273,0.369,0.523,0.417,P<0.05).结论 严重创伤患者放射学检查的数量比较大,主要是X线片和CT检查,并以CT的应用更多;CT检查数量与创伤的严重程度及ICU住院天数正相关,有必要进一步研究以优化放射学检查的策略.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the determinant factors influencing the constituent parts of radiological examination in severe trauma patients so as to provide scientific basis for optimized strategy of radiological examination. Methods A prospective study was carried out from April to July 2010 in a tertiary hospital. Clinical data of 60 severe trauma patients admitted to emergency department and ICU were recorded. The type, number and site of trauma under radiological examination were described and compared among different stages of treatment. The correlation between number of radiological examinations and age, number of injured site, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), ICU stay and overall length of hospital stay were analyzed. Results (1) The majority of radiological examinations in 60 patients were radiography and CT, with a corresponding median number of 6.0(3.0～ 11.0, IQR)and 10.0(8.0 ～ 13.8, Qr) times per patient. (2) The numbers of radiography examinations requested in emergency room, emergency ICU and general ward were quite approximately equal (x2 =4.043 ,P =0. 132), while CT examinations were mainly requested in emergency room and emergency ICU (x2 = 20. 274 , P < 0. 001). (3) The numbers of radiological examinations requested for different sites of injury were quite significantly different between radiography and CT during different stages of treatment (x2 = 114.609, 75.932, P < 0.01). (4 ) The number of CT scan requested was positively correlated with number of injured site, ISS, ICU and overall length of hospital stay (r =0.273,0.369,0.523,0.417,all P <0.05). Conclusions The sum of radiological examinations in severe trauma patients was great mainly in radiography and CT, and CT was more predominantly requested. The number of CT scans examinations was positively correlated with severity of injury and length of ICU stay. Further study is warranted to optimize radiological examination in severe trauma patients.     

神经外科患者尿路感染危险因素分析及护理对策

目的 分析神经外科患者发生尿路感染的因素,总结相应护理对策和注意事项.方法 选取2009年3月至2010年2月我院神经外科连续收治的住院患者306例,分析和总结患者发生尿路感染的因素.结果 高龄、女性、导尿、医源性操作不当、长期卧床、合并糖尿病、抗生素使用不合理是神经外科患者发生尿路感染的主要危险因素.结论 神经外科住院患者发生尿路感染的危险因素较多,积极正确的护理对策有助于减少患者发生尿路感染.

Abstract：

Objective To study the risk factors of urinary tract infection in neurosurgical inpatients,and summarize care measures and precautions. Methods Three hundred and six neurosurgical inpatients were enrolled from March 2009 to February 2010, the risk factors of urinary tract infection were analyzed and summarized. Results Senility, female, catheterization, iatrogenic improper operation, bedridden,complicated with diabetes, inappropriate use of antibiotics were the main risk factors of urinary tract infection in neurosurgical inpatients. Conclusions The risk factors of urinary tract infection in neurosurgical inpatients are many, positive and correct care measures help to reduce the risk.     

Outcomes of critically ill cancer patients with Acinetobacter baumannii infection

AIM: To describe the intensive care unit(ICU) outcomes of critically ill cancer patients with Acinetobacter baumannii(AB) infection.METHODS: This was an observational study that included 23 consecutive cancer patients who acquired AB infections during their stay at ICU of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico(INCan), located in Mexico City. Data collection took place between January 2011, and December 2012. Patients who had AB infections before ICU admission, and infections that occurred during the first 2 d of ICU stay were excluded. Data were obtained by reviewing the electronic health record of each patient. This investigation was approved by the Scientific and Ethics Committees at INCan. Because of its observational nature, informed consent of the patients was not required.RESULTS: Throughout the study period, a total of 494 critically ill patients with cancer were admitted to the ICU of the INCan, 23(4.6%) of whom developed AB infections. Sixteen(60.9%) of these patients had hematologic malignancies. Most frequent reasons for ICU admission were severe sepsis or septic shock(56.2%) and postoperative care(21.7%). The respiratory tract was the most frequent site of AB infection(91.3%). The most common organ dysfunction observed in our group of patients were the respiratory(100%), cardiovascular(100%), hepatic(73.9%) and renal dysfunction(65.2%). The ICU mortality of patients with 3 or less organ system dysfunctions was 11.7%(2/17) compared with 66.6%(4/6) for the group of patients with 4 or more organ system dysfunctions(P = 0.021). Multivariate analysis identified blood lactate levels(BLL) as the only variable independently associated with inICU death(OR = 2.59, 95%CI: 1.04-6.43, P = 0.040). ICU and hospital mortality rates were 26.1% and 43.5%, respectively.CONCLUSION: The mortality rate in critically ill patients with both HM, and AB infections who are admitted to the ICU is high. The variable most associated with increased mortality was a BLL ≥ 2.6 mmol/L in the first day of stay in the ICU.     

早期肠内营养达标对不同程度重症患者预后的影响

Objective To determine the effects of the early enteric nutrition (EEN) up to scratch on the outcomes of the critical care patients with different degrees of severity of illness. Method There were 192 critically ill patients eligible for enrollment for study during the past 18 months in our ICU. They were classified by using APACHE Ⅱ scores. The aim of this retrospective analysis of the early enteric nutrition was to see if the enteric nufore, the patients were divided into two groups: up to scratch group and not up to scratch group. According to APACHE Ⅱ scores, the patients of each group were further divided into three sub-groups in terms of scores below 15, between15 and 25, and above 25, respectively. Results There were 62 patients in the group of EEN up to scratch, and 130 patients' EEN did not up to scratch. When the scores of APACHE Ⅱ were below 15, the length of hospital stay (LOS) was significantly shorter in group of EEN up to scratch in comparison with that of EEN not up to scratch (t = 6.453, P = 0.000). When the scores of APACHE Ⅱ were between15 and 25, the LOS in ICU (t = 3.966, P = 0.000), in hospital (t = 8.165,P = 0.000), The cost of medical care (t = 4.812,P= 0.000) and the mortality (x2 = 5.421,P = 0.038) were all significantly less in patients with EEN up to scratch. However, when the scores of APACHE Ⅱ were above 25, only the cost of medical care ( t = 7.364, P = 0.000) was significantly lower in patients of EEN up to scratch than that of EEN not up to scratch. Conclusions The EEN up to scratch can significantly improve the outcomes of critical patients and the clinical value of EEN up to scratch depends on the severity of illness.     

综合ICU多发伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素研究

目的 探讨多发伤患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生的危险因素。 方法 回顾分析综合ICU 2013年1~12月收治的多发伤患者的病历资料,分析VAP相关危险因素。 结果 98例患者中,发生VAP 35例,发病率为35.7％。单因素分析显示,患者住ICU天数、连续应用抗生素时间、气管插管天数、呼吸机使用时间、鼻饲、头颈部和胸部创伤严重程度等级(ISS)等是VAP发生的危险因素。Logistic回归分析显示,气管插管天数、头颈部和胸部损伤的严重程度是多发伤患者VAP发生的独立危险因素。 结论 多发伤患者VAP的发生率高,对头颈部和胸部创伤严重、气管插管时间长的患者应采取有效的VAP防控措施。     

ICU患者医院感染目标性监测及其相关危险因素分析

目的探讨降低重症监护室医院感染率的有效措施。方法采用目标性监测方法对2006年1月至2006年12月ICU所有住院患者的医院感染率及相关危险因素进行调查。结果共监测患者311例,发生医院感染82例,医院感染率为26.4%;感染例次93,例次感染率为29.9%;感染部位构成比排序为泌尿道感染占47.3%,下呼吸道感染占32.3%;老年患者、住院时间>14 d、留置导尿管、气管插管/气管切开、意识障碍和多器官功能障碍综合征等是医院感染的重要危险因素。结论ICU患者医院感染危险因素多,需采取综合措施才能有效降低ICU医院感染的发病率。     

影响多发伤合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征死亡率的危险因素分析

目的 筛选出影响多发伤合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征死亡率的危险冈素.方法 2003年5月至2008年4月间浙江大学医学院附属第二医院ICU收治符合筛选标准的多发伤患者269例.收集患者入住ICU时的一般资料、治疗措施、损伤严理度评分与APACHE Ⅱ评分.ARDS诊断参照中华医学会2006指南标准,多发伤被认为足南一个致伤因素引起的两处或两处以上的损伤,其中有一处损伤可能是危及生命的.人选标准:年龄≥18岁,ICU监护时间t≥48 h 目机械通气时间≥24 h.排除标准:1)由于非创伤原因再次入住ICU或已在其他医院经过较长时间治疗后再转入ICU者;2)创伤合并溺水;3)胸部创伤合并有毒气体1及入;4)药物或氧中毒;5)住院期间接受过体外循环治疗;6)有心血管疾病或慢性肝病;7)未治愈的肺部感染或长期肺功能不全.所有患者在抗生素、糖皮质激素使用及机械通气方面近乎标准治疗.在第28大时行死亡率评估.通过回顾定群多因素研究,对23项潜在危险因素的单变量与多变量进行logistic回归分析.结果 269例多发伤合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气时间超过24 h的患者最后进入该研究.与存活组相比,死亡组的APACHE Ⅱ评分更高.269例患者的未校正相埘危险度与下列因素相关:APACHE Ⅱ评分,致伤持续时间,肺挫伤,胃内容物误吸,脓毒症与机械通气时间.对存活超过96 h的患者,影响死亡率的相关因素是APACHE Ⅱ评分,致伤持续时间与胃内容物误吸.APACHE Ⅱ评分＞20患者的预期危险因素为:致伤持续时间,脓毒症与机械通气时间.对机械通气时≥17 d患者的相关危险因素为致伤持续时间与脓毒症.结论 肺挫伤、APACHE Ⅱ评分为影响多发伤早期死亡率的危险因素.脓毒症一直是系统性炎症反应综合征、感染、多脏器功能障碍的高危因素.胃内容物的误吸引起严重的呼吸机相关性肺炎将导致死亡率增加.致伤持续时间的长短既影响近期死亡率也影响远期死亡率.长时间的机械通气将引起更多严重的并发症而导致死亡率的进一步上升.     

Risk assessment and standardized nosocomial infection rate in critically ill children

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a pediatric nosocomial infection risk (PNIR) assessment model, and to compare the daily trends in risk factors between patients with nosocomial infection (cases) and without nosocomial infection (controls) in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: A 16-bed pediatric ICU in an urban, university-affiliated, multidisciplinary, regional referral center. PATIENTS: Patients available for study included consecutive admissions to the unit between May 1, 1992, and April 30, 1993, and between May 9, 1995, and December 11, 1995. Patients from both data collection periods were pooled and randomly divided into training (70%) and validation (30%) samples. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the logistic regression analysis using admission day data, three factors were shown to remain as independent risk factors. Invasive device use, parenteral nutrition, and the interaction between severity of illness-modified Pediatric Risk of Mortality III-24 score and postoperative care were associated with 2, 6, and 1.5 times the risk of developing nosocomial infection, respectively. This PNIR model performed well in both the training and validation samples as indicated by the goodness-of-fit test, which evaluated standardized nosocomial infection rates (observed vs. predicted nosocomial infection rates). The internal validity of the PNIR model was good. In trend analysis, severity of illness and invasive device use appear to have similar trend patterns, during the first week of pediatric ICU stay. There was no difference in any of these risk factors between cases and controls after 7 days of pediatric ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS: The PNIR assessment model incorporates intrinsic factors, such as patient severity of illness, and extrinsic factors contributing to the development of nosocomial infection in this high-risk population. The methodology using intrinsic and extrinsic factors to adjust for nosocomial infections should be taken into consideration when evaluating interhospital comparison of nosocomial infection rates, quality assessment, intervention strategies, and use of treatment modalities.     

ICU重度颅脑损伤患者肺部感染临床特征分析

[目的]探讨ICU重度颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的危险因素.[方法]对53例重度颅脑损伤并发肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.[结果]同期共收治165例重度颅脑损伤患者,其中53例合并肺部感染,感染率为32.1%.经单因素分析发现,气管切开史、住院天数≥20 d、基础疾病史、休克史和呼吸机应用史是ICU重度颅脑损伤并发肺部感染的危险因素.主要致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占72.7%,其次是革兰阳性球菌,占22.7%,真菌占4.6%.[结论]ICU重度颅脑损伤并发肺部感染与多种临床因素密切相关,其预后差,病死率高.     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in trauma patients: ICU mortality and prediction factors

OBJECTIVES: To study the factors that influence the intensive care unit (ICU) mortality of trauma patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and to evaluate determinants of length of ICU stay among these patients. DESIGN: Study on a prospective cohort of 59 trauma patients that developed ARDS. SETTING: ICU of a referral trauma center. Fifty-nine patients were included during the study period from 1994 to 1997. METHODS: The dependent variables studied were the mortality and length of ICU stay. The main independent variables studied included the general severity score APACHE III, the revised trauma and injury severity scores (RTS, ISS), emergency treatment measures, the gas exchange index (PaO2/FIO2) recorded after the onset of ARDS and the development of multiple system organ failure (MSOF). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 42.1 +/- 16.7 years, 49 patients (83 %) were male, the mean APACHE III score was 52.7 +/- 33.7 points, the ISS 28.5 +/- 11.4 points and the RTS 8.9 +/- 2.5 points. ICU length of stay was 28.5 +/- 24.5 days and the mortality rate 31.7 % (19 deaths). Mortality was associated with the following: PaO2/FIO2 ratio on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days post-ARDS; high volume of crystalloid/colloid infusion during resuscitation; the APACHE III score; and the development of MSOF According to the multivariate analysis, the mortality of these patients was correlated with the PaO2/FIO2 ratio on the 3rd day of ARDS, the APACHE III score and the development of MSOF. This analysis also showed days on mechanical ventilation to be the only variable that predicted ICU length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: The ICU mortality of trauma patients with ARDS is related to the APACHE III score, the gas exchange evolution as measured by the PaO2/FIO2 on the 3rd day and the progressive complications indicated by the onset of MSOF. The length of ICU stay of these patients is related to the number of days on mechanical ventilation.     

Effect of centre-, patient- and procedure-related factors on intensive care resource utilisation after cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between intensive care resource utilisation and centre-, patient- and procedure-related factors. DESIGN: Prospective multicentre cohort study. SETTING: Twenty-one European intensive care units. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand four hundred adult patients who had undergone cardiac or thoracic aortic surgery in 21 centres. INTERVENTION: None (observational study). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Primary outcomes were duration of artificial ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Exposures were centres and patient- and procedure-related factors. Both outcomes varied fourfold among centres. Median time to extubation varied from 5 to 19 h and ICU length of stay varied from 22 to 91 h. Cox regression analysis was performed to adjust risks of prolonged ventilation and ICU length of stay for patient-, procedure- and centre-related factors. Patient- and procedure-related factors were the main risk factors among individual patients, accounting for nearly two thirds of the risk of prolonged ventilation and ICU length of stay. Centre-related variation accounted for the remaining risk. CONCLUSIONS: In European ICUs resource utilisation is highly variable after cardiac surgery. Up to two thirds more patients could be treated with current ICU resources if the most efficient strategies and structures were applied across all centres.     

Effects of dental plaque antiseptic decontamination on bacterial colonization and nosocomial infections in critically ill patients

OBJECTIVES: To document in intensive care unit (ICU) patients the effect of dental plaque antiseptic decontamination on the occurrence of plaque colonization by aerobic nosocomial pathogens and nosocomial infections. DESIGN: Single-blind randomized comparative study. SETTING: A 16-bed adult intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients consecutively admitted in the ICU with a medical condition suggesting an ICU stay of 5 days and requiring mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: After randomization, the treated group received dental plaque decontamination with 0.2% chlorhexidine gel, three times a day during the ICU stay. The control group received standard oral care. SPECIFIC MEASUREMENTS: Dental status was assessed by the Caries-Absent-Occluded index; the amount of dental plaque was assessed by a semi-quantitative plaque index. Bacterial sampling of dental plaque, nasal and tracheal aspirate, blood, and urine cultures were done on days 0, 5, 10, and every week. MAIN RESULTS: Sixty patients were included; 30 in the treated group and 30 in the control one (mean age: 51 +/- 16 years; mean Simplified Acute Physiological Score II: 35 +/- 14 points). On admission, no significant differences were found between both groups for all clinical and dental data. Compared with the control group, the nosocomial infection rate and the incidence densities related to risk exposition were significantly lower in the treated group (18 vs 33% days in the ICU and 10.7 vs 32.3% days of mechanical ventilation; P < 0.05). These results were consistent with a significant preventive effect of the antiseptic decontamination (Odds Ratio: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09; 0.80) with a 53% relative risk reduction. There was a trend to a reduction of mortality, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: An antiseptic decontamination of dental plaque with a 0.2% chlorhexidine gel decreases dental bacterial colonization, and may reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections in ICU patients submitted to mechanical ventilation.     

Risk factors of nosocomial catheter-associated urinary tract infection in a polyvalent intensive care unit

Objective To determine the risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infection in a polyvalent intensive care unit (ICU).Design Prospective cohort study.Setting Sixteen-bed polyvalent ICU in a French university hospital.Interventions Prospective patient surveillance of patients included in two successive studies of two urine drainage systems.Main outcome measures Bacteriuria occurrence in 553 ICU patients requiring a bladder catheter for longer than 48 h. The following variables were analyzed as possible risk factors: age, sex, severity score at admission, diagnosis on admission, duration of bladder catheterization, length of ICU stay, prior exposure to antibiotics, and system of urine drainage.Results The frequency of catheter-associated bacteriuria was 9.6%. From the multivariate analysis, five independent risk factors were determined: female sex, length of ICU stay, use of an antimicrobial therapy, severity score at admission, and duration of catheterization.Conclusion In our study, the drainage system did not influence the occurrence of bacteriuria. To decrease the rate of catheter-associated bacteriuria in polyvalent ICU patients, removal of the bladder catheter must be performed as soon as possible.An erratum to this article can be found at