利用MALDI-TOF质谱技术研究胰岛素水解和酶切过程

利用海牛卵制备的模拟微量混合内切酶体系，用基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间(MALDI-TOF)质谱技术研究了胰岛素在不同酸碱度和还原条件下的水解和酶解过程。实验结果为研制具有高生物利用度的胰岛素纳米粒口服制剂及选择具有适当耐酸碱及还原特性的包装材料提供了科学依据。     

以低浓度异甘草素为基质的MALDI-TOF MS用于小分子的检测研究

以低浓度异甘草素(ISL,0.05 mmol/L)为基质,采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)对精氨酸、甘露醇和苏氨酸-亮氨酸二肽等小分子物质进行分析检测。实验结果表明,以低浓度异甘草素作为MALDI-TOF MS分析小分子物质的有机基质,所获得的斑点均匀性和重复性、耐盐能力、分辨率等均显著优于常用基质2,5-二羟基苯甲酸(DHB)、2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮(THAP)。本实验可为有机基质在小分子分析中的应用开辟新的窗口。     

基于基质辅助激光解吸-电离质谱的磷脂分析和成像的基质体系与制样方法

由于磷脂在神经传递和生物膜功能方面的重要作用,磷脂分析已成为目前脂质组学研究的热点,而基质辅助激光解吸-电离成像质谱(MALDI-IMS)是磷脂分析和成像的先进技术。针对磷脂特点,优化基质溶液组成并建立合适的基质制样与覆盖方法是最关键的环节。为了建立具有高真空稳定性(稳定存在2h以上)、耐高频率激光辐射、无基质峰干扰、分布均匀且不引起分析物位移、能全面解吸-电离不同结构与浓度的磷脂,并准确表征其空间分布情况的基质体系,不少研究者进行了大量的研究。本工作从基质类型变化出发,综述了近10年来MALDI-IMS用于生物组织磷脂分析和成像的基质体系及制样方法,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

在线纯化技术应用于MALDI-TOFMS测定溶菌酶的分子量

在用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)测定蛋白质分子量的过程中,一些盐和蛋白质变性剂经常大大抑制样品信号,产生一些难以解析的离子峰,因此测试前应尽可能去除样品中的添加剂。为此,本研究建立了MALDI—TOFMS测试中在线纯化蛋白质样品的新方法。采用硝酸纤维素膜作为固相载体,将标准蛋白质溶菌酶制成含6 mol/L盐酸胍变性剂、2％SDS表面活性剂的100 mmol/L Tris—HCL溶液进行质谱测定。结果表明:新方法简单、快速,可明显增强离子峰的强度,提高测定蛋白质分子量的灵敏度。     

兴奋剂生长激素的MALDI-TOF质谱研究

采用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI TOF MS）法对生长激素（GH）标准品和国产GH制剂进行比对研究。在完整分子的相对分子质量测定中,GH的精确分子质量为22 124 u,检测灵敏度达74 fmol。实验还发现1种GH制剂的相对分子质量为22 254 u,质量数比理论质量多131 u,经胰蛋白酶解产物的二级质谱测序证实是N端多一甲硫酸残基(Met)的GH。GH酶解后的肽段样品可以鉴定出8个GH肽段,覆盖率为45.5%,Mascot蛋白谱库检索蛋白质评分值为132,蛋白质置信区间为100%。测序结果说明,N端的甲硫酸残基可以作为鉴定外源GH的分子标记。     

样品制备对MALDI-TOFMS测定低浓度多肽的影响

随着人类基因组序列测定完成,人们关注的焦点转移到蛋白质组上.基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)以其快速、准确、灵敏而成为蛋白质组主要的分析技术,它根据蛋白质酶解后的肽质量指纹谱和肽序列信息去搜索蛋白质或核酸序列库以鉴定蛋白质.提高MALDI-TOFMS测定多肽的灵敏度以及提高样品在靶上分布的均一性,是实现高通量鉴定蛋白质的关键.本工作利用MALDI-TOFMS技术,探讨了样品制备对低浓度多肽测定的影响,并对结果加以讨论.     

典型环亚胺类毒素大气压化学电离质谱分析

利用离子阱质谱技术分析了两种典型环亚胺类毒素（GYM和SPX1）在大气压化学电离（APCI）条件下的质谱裂解特征,并与电喷雾电离（ESI）质谱法进行了比较。GYM和SPX1在APCI一级质谱分析过程中易形成准分子离子［M+H］⁺峰（基峰）;在二级质谱分析过程中,母离子［M+H］⁺通过丢失H₂O中性碎片形成稳定的特征子离子峰;并结合三级质谱分析,推测了两种毒素的裂解途径。结果表明：大气压化学电离质谱法（APCI-MS）的灵敏度好于电喷雾质谱法（ESI-MS）;液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱法（LC-APCI-MS²）分析4种不同基质样品中GYM和SPX1的专属性、重复性、稳定性和抗基质干扰能力均好于液相色谱 电喷雾质谱法（LC-ESI-MS²）。综上,APCI-MS法适于典型环亚胺类毒素的分析,本研究可为LC-APCI-MS定性、定量分析不同基质复杂样品中环亚胺类毒素提供参考和依据。     

MALDI-TOF质谱法检测人血清中沙林-丁酰胆碱酯酶加合物

对生物医学样品进行化学毒剂分析检测是禁止化学武器组织（OPCW）核查小组在毒剂指称使用调查中收集事实的方法之一。丁酰胆碱酯酶（BChE）作为有机磷毒剂在体内的作用靶点,是有机磷毒剂染毒检测的最佳生物指示物之一。利用亲和固相萃取（SPE）技术进一步发展了样品预处理方法,建立了血液样品中染毒BChE的分析方法;利用胰蛋白酶酶解方法,采用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）比较了血液中BChE在沙林染毒前后的肽指纹谱变化。该方法灵敏度高、快速简便,可用于OPCW生物医学样品中毒剂暴露染毒的追溯性检测。     

MALDI-TOF MS基质HCCA与含巯基生命物质加成反应的质谱研究

采用基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)和电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)研究含巯基的生命物质(氨基酸、肽及蛋白质)与MALDI常用基质α-氰基-4-羟基肉桂酸(HCCA)之间的加成反应,并分别考察了其在酸性、弱酸性和碱性条件下的反应情况.结果表明,在碱性条件下,含巯基的生命物质易与HCCA发生加成反应,...     

基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱及毛细管电泳对基因工程产品─重组人表皮生长因子的质量控制研究

本文应用基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱（ＭＡＬＤＩ－ＴＯＦ－ＭＳ）测定基因工程产品一重组人表皮生长因子（ｒｈＥＧＦ）的分子量，用毛细管电泳仪测定了其纯度，并得到用Ｇｌｕ－蛋白酶切后ｒｈＥＧＦ的质量肽图，其中８１％的肽段与理论值相符，无规则裂解只占８％。由此建立了一种对基因工程产品进行质量控制及研究蛋白质一级结构的新方法，此方法快速、简便，灵敏度极高，相对误差小于０．５％。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱在糖类化合物研究中的应用

综述了基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)的发展、在糖类化合物结构研究时常选用的基质,以及在不同类型糖化合物分析中的应用。MALDI-TOF-MS在糖类分析中通常采用的是N2激光源,基质多为有机小分子如2,5-二羟基苯甲酸、2,4,5-三羟基苯乙酮、1-羟基异喹啉或2-羟基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸、α-氰基-4-羟基-苯丙烯酸等,基质类型的选择则要取决于糖类的存在形式。糖类化合物如中性糖、酸性糖、硫酸化糖、糖蛋白、蛋白聚糖及糖脂等均可利用适合的基质而进行MALDI-TOF-MS分析。     

Ion thermalization using pressure transients in a quadrupole ion trap coupled to a vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization source and a reflectron time-of-flight mass analyzer

Efficient trapping and detection of intact peptide ions is demonstrated in a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) coupled to an external vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source. Deactivation of metastable ions generated by MALDI is achieved in a pressure transient environment inside the QIT established by pulsing gas to access the higher pressures required for fast thermalization, without affecting vacuum conditions in the ion source and time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. Pressure transients are experimentally determined and a threshold of approximately 10 mTorr is identified where internally excited ions, which commonly observed to dissociate upon injection in a QIT, are stabilized. Fragment-free spectra are presented for a set of peptides by using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as a matrix, and significantly reduced fragmentation is observed by using a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA). Intact peptide spectra of a protein tryptic digest are also recorded with CHCA. The process of translational cooling for externally injected ions in a dynamic pressure environment is visualized by using ion trajectory simulations that employ hard sphere collisions. Statistical theory of dynamic equilibrium of ions stored in rf fields is applied to our QIT to characterize a translationally thermalized ion cloud, to explain observed ejection efficiency into the TOF mass analyzer, and to further discuss collisional deactivation of metastable ions.     

基于质谱技术的二硫键定位分析方法研究进展

蛋白质中的二硫键是一种常见的重要翻译后修饰,对稳定蛋白质的三维空间结构、维持正确的折叠构象、保持和调节生物活性具有重要意义。因此,分析蛋白质中的二硫键对理解生命过程和药物研发至关重要。质谱既可断裂二硫键和肽键,又可作为检测终端,在二硫键定位分析中发挥了重要作用。本文根据断裂二硫键所处介质以及断裂机理进行分类整理,综述了基于质谱技术的主流二硫键定位方法,通过对比各方法的优缺点,为选择合适的质谱分析方式提供参考。最后,提出了二硫键分析领域面临的挑战和方法学研究的发展方向,以促进方法学相关研究者开发更有效的质谱方法。     

Protein sequence information by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in-source decay mass spectrometry

Proteins from biological samples are often identified by mass spectrometry (MS) with the two following "bottom-up" approaches: peptide mass fingerprinting or peptide sequence tag. Nevertheless, these strategies are time-consuming (digestion, liquid chromatography step, desalting step), the N- (or C-) terminal information often lacks and post-translational modifications (PTMs) are hardly observed. The in-source decay (ISD) occurring in a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source appears an interesting analytical tool to obtain N-terminal sequence, to identify proteins and to characterize PTMs by a "top-down" strategy. The goal of this review deals with the usefulness of the ISD technique in MALDI source in proteomics fields. In the first part, the ISD principle is explained and in the second part, the use of ISD in proteomic studies is discussed for protein identification and sequence characterization.     

含二硫键多肽的基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱研究

The determination of disulfide bonds becomes an important aspect of obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the chemical structure of a protein. Numerous experimental methods have been developed for the determination of disulfide bonds in proteins. Modern mass spectrometry has developed as an important tool for the analysis of disulfide bond patterns due to its advantages of being simple, rapid and sensitive. The dissociations of the disulfide bonds were detected during the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis. These fragment ions were attributed to prompt fragmentation or “in-source decay” rather than “post-source decay”. For the double disulfide bonds, ions of plus sulfur and minus sulfur atoms corresponding to cleavages at different sites within the carbon-sulfur-sulfur-carbon disulfide bonds were also observed.     

ReactionSequenceofMatrix-AssistedLaserDesorption/Ionization

The reaction sequence of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) was examined using various analytical techniques, including mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy. Photoelectron emission was found to be occurred with laser fluences much less than the threshold fluence for ion production. Photoionization is the most probable initial ionization reaction in MALDI, and the photoelectrons are mainly produced from crystalline matrix because the ionization potential of matrix molecules reduced considerably in large matrix clusters. Ab initio calculations predicted that the photoionization can be achieved by using two photons of commonly used laser wavelengths. For 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and sinapinic acid (SA), the threshold fluences for photoelectron emission are unable to increase the surface temperature for material desorption. Negative ions may be produced via electron-capture ionization of matrix molecules when the laser fluence is high enough to promote material desorption. Proton and electron disproportionations may contribute to the ion production when the laser fluences further increase. Because the abundances of photoelectrons in the ion source region with laser fluences for ion production of various matrices are different, individual matrix molecule may develop a unique reaction pathway. Based on the results, a qualitative reaction sequence of MALDI is discussed.     

Protein disulfide bond determination by mass spectrometry

The determination of disulfide bonds is an important aspect of gaining a comprehensive understanding of the chemical structure of a protein. The basic strategy for obtaining this information involves the identification of disulfide-linked peptides in digests of proteins and the characterization of their half-cystinyl peptide constituents. Tools for disulfide bond analysis have improved dramatically in the past two decades, especially in terms of speed and sensitivity. This improvement is largely due to the development of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), and complementary analyzers with high resolution and accuracy. The process of pairing half-cystinyl peptides is now generally achieved by comparing masses of non-reduced and reduced aliquots of a digest of a protein that was proteolyzed with intact disulfide bonds. Pepsin has favorable properties for generating disulfide-linked peptides, including its acidic pH optimum, at which disulfide bond rearrangement is precluded and protein conformations are likely to be unfolded and accessible to cleavage, and broad substrate specificity. These properties potentiate cleavage between all half-cystine residues of the substrate protein. However, pepsin produces complex digests that contain overlapping peptides due to ragged cleavage. This complexity can produce very complex spectra and/or hamper the ionization of some constituent peptides. It may also be more difficult to compute which half-cystinyl sequences of the protein of interest are disulfide-linked in non-reduced peptic digests. This ambiguity is offset to some extent by sequence tags that may arise from ragged cleavages and aid sequence assignments. Problems associated with pepsin cleavage can be minimized by digestion in solvents that contain 50% H(2) (18)O. Resultant disulfide-linked peptides have distinct isotope profiles (combinations of isotope ratios and average mass increases) compared to the same peptides with only (16)O in their terminal carboxylates. Thus, it is possible to identify disulfide-linked peptides in digests and chromatographic fractions, using these mass-specific markers, and to rationalize mass changes upon reduction in terms of half-cystinyl sequences of the protein of interest. Some peptides may require additional cleavages due to their multiple disulfide bond contents and/or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to determine linkages. Interpretation of the MS/MS spectra of peptides with multiple disulfides in supplementary digests is also facilitated by the presence of (18)O in their terminal carboxylates.     

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008

This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.     

2,3,5,6-四氯-4-甲磺酰基吡啶的离子阱质谱研究

采用电子轰击离子阱质谱对2,3,5,6四氯4甲磺酰基吡啶(TCMSP)的裂解规律进行了研究。发现其质谱特征除了磺酰基与吡啶环相连的CS键的断裂和CCl键的断裂,还有伴随着氢重排的OC键断裂。对m/z231的碎片离子进行了二级质谱研究,推断了该碎片的结构。