大豆分离蛋白与大豆磷脂比例对超声乳化亚麻籽油乳液特性的影响

适宜的乳化剂组成对于乳液的特性及稳定性有重要的影响。为超声乳化制备稳定的亚麻籽油乳液,以大豆分离蛋白（SPI）和大豆磷脂（SLT）为乳化剂,亚麻籽油为油相制备O/W乳液,研究SPI与SLT比例对亚麻籽油乳液特性的影响,从乳液的微观结构、水合平均粒径、多分散指数、ζ-电位、分层稳定性、表观黏度及低场核磁共振弛豫特性等方面进行了比较。结果表明,随着SPI与SLT比例从3∶ 1减小至1∶ 3,乳液的水合平均粒径增大,多分散指数先减小后增大,ζ-电位绝对值、乳层析指数及表观黏度总体增大,且T2弛豫图谱右移,体系中氢质子所受的束缚力减小。当SPI与SLT比例为1∶ 1时,乳液的多分散指数最低（0.07±0.07）且粒径呈单峰分布,ζ-电位绝对值较高,乳层析指数较低,同时体系中氢质子所受的束缚力较大,表观黏度较大,说明所形成的亚麻籽油乳液体系更为均匀、稳定。     

不同NaCl浓度条件下亚麻籽胶对肉糜乳化凝胶特性的影响

通过对出水出油率、质构、扫描电镜、脂肪微粒表面蛋白量以及蛋白电泳的测定和观察,研究不同NaCl浓度条件下亚麻籽胶对肉糜乳化凝胶特性的影响。研究发现,NaCl浓度的降低（0.6～0?mol/L）会增加肉糜的出水出油率,质构变差,减少脂肪微粒表面蛋白含量。而亚麻籽胶的添加可以显著增强凝胶的保水、保油性（P＜0.05）,改善凝胶的网络结构,并且还会提高脂肪微粒表面蛋白的种类和数量,提高乳化稳定性（P＜0.05）。由此可见,低NaCl浓度（0～0.4?mol/L）会造成乳化肉制品品质劣变,亚麻籽胶的加入可以改善低NaCl浓度造成的品质降低。     

低钠条件下超声处理对鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳液稳定性的影响

低钠条件下肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）作为乳化剂制备的乳液稳定性差,本实验采用高强度超声波（high intensity ultrasound,HIU）（频率20 kHz、功率450 W）对低钠条件下（0.15 mol/L NaCl）MP进行不同时间（0、3、6、9、12 min）处理,测定处理后MP乳液乳化活性指数（emulsifying activity index,EAI）、乳液稳定性指数（emulsion stability index,ESI）、Turbiscan稳定性指数（turbiscan stability index,TSI）和平均粒径等,并进行微观结构观察和流变性分析等,研究低钠条件下超声处理对鸡肉MP乳化特性及其乳液稳定性和流变性能的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,随着超声处理时间延长,MP的EAI和ESI显著增加（P＜0.05）,MP制备乳液的TSI和粒径随着超声处理时间的延长明显减小,且乳液液滴分布均匀,乳液Zeta-电位的绝对值显著增加（P＜0.05）。乳液的流变学特性分析结果表明超声波明显提高了MP乳液的黏弹性。MP乳液的油-水界面张力分析结果显示超声处理有效增强了MP的移动性,使界面张力迅速降低,同时超声处理显著增加了MP乳液吸附蛋白相对含量（P＜0.05）,这表明超声处理MP有助于稳定乳液。通过冷场扫描电子显微镜观察进一步证实了超声处理12 min MP制备的乳液液滴体积最小。综上,超声波能够有效提高低钠条件下MP的乳液稳定性,本实验可为超声处理在减盐乳化型肉制品中的应用提供理论参考。     

豌豆分离蛋白/卡拉胶复合物乳液的性质研究

为改善豌豆分离蛋白(PPI)在酸性乳液体系中的乳化稳定性,将PPI与阴离子多糖卡拉胶(CG)在酸性条件下混合,制备可溶性静电复合物乳液。通过测定PPI乳液和PPI/CG复合物乳液在不同pH(4～7)下粒径、ζ-电位、显微结构以及乳析指数的变化,判断两种乳液的稳定性。结果表明：pH 4～5时,PPI乳液粒径达到35μm以上,而pH 4～7时PPI/CG复合物乳液粒径均小于18μm;储藏14 d时,PPI乳液和PPI/CG复合物乳液粒径均稍有增加;酸性条件下,PPI乳液的ζ-电位绝对值均小于30 mV,而PPI/CG复合物乳液的ζ-电位绝对值均大于40 mV;酸性条件下,PPI/CG复合物乳液较PPI乳液分散性有明显改善;在储藏14 d过程中,PPI乳液乳析指数随储藏时间的延长而逐渐增大,而PPI/CG复合物乳液乳析指数基本为0。综上,PPI/CG复合物可显著改善PPI在酸性条件下的乳化稳定性。     

磷脂对大豆乳清蛋白乳化特性的影响

以非变性大豆乳清蛋白(NWSP)及热变性大豆乳清蛋白(DWSP)为研究对象,探究了磷脂(Lec)对NWSP乳液、DWSP乳液的影响,并对Lec添加前后乳化体系的乳化活性、乳化稳定性、大豆乳清蛋白的表面疏水性、ζ-电位、粒径分布、激光共聚焦显微成像(CSLM)等进行表征。研究发现:与纯大豆乳清蛋白乳化体系比较,添加磷脂后的DWSP-Lec乳化体系、NWSP-Lec乳化体系乳化活性显著提高、乳滴平均粒径减小、乳液的ζ-电位值增加,有效阻止了乳滴絮凝聚集乳液稳定性增强,DWSP-Lec乳液稳定性高于NWSP-Lec乳液,这可能是热处理后大豆乳清蛋白分子发生折叠,包埋于蛋白内部的疏水基团及巯基暴露从而增强大豆乳清蛋白与Lec间的疏水交互作用,大豆乳清蛋白-磷脂的协同作用使其乳化活性增强,乳液更趋于稳定。     

水相pH和Na+对微晶纤维素与猪油的Pickering乳液稳定性的影响

考察水相pH和Na+浓度对微晶纤维素（MCC）和猪油形成的Pickering乳液稳定性的影响。分别将不同pH和含有1% MCC的不同Na+浓度的水相与等体积的油相混合、制备MCC-猪油Pickering乳液,分析不同水相pH（pH4~9）和不同Na+浓度（0~500 mmol/L）条件下,乳液的外观结构、乳析指数、微观结构、粒径、Zeta电位以及乳液流变特性的变化。结果表明,在pH5~8条件下,MCC-猪油Pickering乳液均未出现明显分层现象,且乳析指数未发生变化,乳滴粒径小于pH4和pH9条件,具有更好的黏度和抗剪切能力,其中,在pH6条件下表现出最好的稳定效果。当Na+浓度在300 mmol/L及以上时,随着静置时间的延长,乳液稳定性下降的越快;Na+浓度为400 mmol/L时,乳液静置3 d会出现分层现象。随着Na+浓度的升高,静电屏蔽作用使得乳液颗粒粒径不断增大,Zeta电位绝对值降低,黏度和抗剪切能力下降。中低pH（pH5~8）水相及低Na+浓度（≤300 mmol/L）水相条件下MCC-猪油Pickering乳液具良好的乳化稳定性,但pH4和pH9及高Na+浓度（>300 mmol/L）水相条件下乳液的稳定性欠佳。探讨不同pH和Na+浓度条件对MCC-猪油Pickering乳液乳化稳定性的影响及其原理,为其在功能性预乳化肉制品的加工与应用提供一定参考。     

盐离子对大豆乳清混合蛋白乳液的稳定性及界面特性的影响

采用大豆分离蛋白-乳清分离蛋白（SPI-WPI）作为乳化剂形成水相,加入大豆油作为油相,制备O/W乳液,通过粒径、Zeta电位、乳液稳定性系数、激光共聚焦显微镜、界面蛋白吸附量、界面压力及界面膨胀流变等指标探究不同盐离子浓度（0~0.5 mol/L NaCl）对混合蛋白界面特性及乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明:盐离子会使混合蛋白乳液表面电位增加,且随着NaCl浓度的增加,乳液的体积平均粒径（D₄₃）升高,乳液稳定系数降低,乳液稳定性降低。并且,盐离子浓度为0.05 mol/L时,乳液最为稳定。此外,盐离子会使SPI-WPI在油-水界面的相互作用较弱,从而导致SPI-WPI溶液的界面压力值增大,在油-水界面的总模量（E）、弹性模量（E_d）、粘性模量（E_v）等降低,进而影响乳液的稳定性。这为食品产业生产较稳定的双蛋白乳液提供了理论依据。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对大豆蛋白-磷脂复合乳液在体外消化中稳定性的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌在消化过程中对大豆蛋白-磷脂复合乳液稳定性的影响。本试验设计胃肠消化模型,通过对加菌与不加菌的O/W型和W/O型乳液的乳化活性指数（Emulsifying activity index,EAI）、乳化稳定指数（Emulsification stability index,ESI）、浊度、粒径、Zeta电位检测和显微观察,考察乳液是否出现分离、絮凝、聚集上浮等现象。结果表明,在胃消化阶段,O/W型和W/O型乳液EAI、ESI、粒径、电位都明显减小,显微观察显示液滴密度减小,体积增大;加入枯草芽孢杆菌的乳液与不加菌乳液相比,各指标减小的幅度更大。在小肠消化阶段,O/W型和W/O型乳液EAI和ESI整体呈上升趋势,而粒径和电位则明显下降,另外,两者的显微观察显示液滴密度减小,体积也减小。与不加菌的相比,加入枯草芽孢杆菌后乳液EAI、ESI、粒径显著降低,电位显著升高（P<0.05）。综合上述结果,枯草芽孢杆菌促进了大豆蛋白-磷脂复合乳液在消化过程中的破乳现象。     

金鲳鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶的制备及表征

本文以金鲳鱼肌原纤维蛋白作为乳化剂,以玉米油为油相制备乳液凝胶。利用SDS-PAGE、傅里叶红外光谱、电镜对金鲳鱼肌原纤维蛋白的结构进行表征;筛选优化制备金鲳鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶的最佳蛋白浓度（C）、最佳油相比（φ）,采用激光共聚焦对乳液凝胶结构进行了表征;探究了pH和NaCl浓度对乳液凝胶稳定性影响。结果表明：金鲳鱼肌原纤蛋白具有典型的蛋白结构峰,β-折叠的含量最高,由椭圆颗粒聚集形成的纤维状结构,其蛋白浓度（C）为2.5%,油相比（φ）为0.68时制备出的乳液凝胶弹性模量G’最佳,平均粒径小。激光共聚焦结构显示,乳液凝胶的结构为W/O/W的多重乳液结构。乳液凝胶在pH酸性条件下不稳定,碱性环境下相对稳定,pH对乳液凝胶流变和粒径分布影响较大,NaCl的浓度改变对乳液凝胶的影响较小。综上,本文探究了金鲳鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳液凝胶的制备及表征,为金鲳鱼肌原纤维蛋白的开发利用提供了一定的技术参考。     

三聚磷酸钠对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibril protein,MP）为研究对象,探讨不同质量浓度三聚磷酸钠（sodium tripolyphosphate,STP）的添加对MP乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性等7 个功能特性指标的影响,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：随着STP质量浓度升高,MP的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、凝胶强度和凝胶保水性均呈上升趋势,表面疏水性呈下降趋势;MP的起泡性和凝胶强度在STP质量浓度为0.3 g/100 mL时最大,乳化性、表面疏水性和凝胶保水性在STP质量浓度为0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳;MP的起泡性、起泡稳定性和乳化性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,乳化性与乳化稳定性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性与表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与凝胶保水性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶保水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶强度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。STP可以增强MP的功能特性,其质量浓度为0.3～0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳。改善乳化性、起泡性和表面疏水性等界面性质可以增强MP的凝胶特性。     

阿拉伯树胶-肌原纤维蛋白共建乳状液体系的物理稳定性

研究不同质量分数阿拉伯树胶(arabic gum,AG)对肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)为乳化剂的乳化体系稳定性的影响。结果显示,乳化活性和乳化稳定性随着AG质量分数的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势。AG质量分数为0.3%时,MP-AG共建乳状液体系表现出最高的物理稳定性,显著地增加了ζ-电势,降低了粒径大小,表现出最低的乳析指数(P0.05)。激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)观察结果表明,与单独以MP为乳化剂的样品相比,添加0.3%AG的乳状液样品液滴颗粒最小,这与粒径大小和分布的结果相一致。通过CLSM进一步观察MP在界面上的吸附行为,结果表明,与未添加AG的乳状液样品相比,添加0.3%AG的MP-AG共建乳状液体系所形成的界面膜更加坚固和致密。总之,AG可以促进蛋白质在油水界面上的吸附作用,提高MP乳化的水包油型乳状液的物理稳定性。     

面筋蛋白粒子-黄原胶Pickering乳液的制备及其表征

制备黄原胶与面筋蛋白纳米粒协同稳的Pickering乳液,表征Pickering乳液的物理化学性能和微观结构。结果显示：通过黄原胶与面筋蛋白纳米粒协同作用,可制备出稳定性较好的Pickering乳液。低质量分数的黄原胶（0.2%）会促进乳析;当黄原胶质量分数不小于0.3%时,乳液于4 ℃贮存30 d仍无乳析现象;当黄原胶质量分数为1%时,贮存30 d乳液出现析油的现象。不同乳化顺序得到乳液的稳定性不同。乳液M-WG-XG（面筋蛋白纳米粒与玉米油乳化得粗乳液,然后加入黄原胶二次分散）的稳定性最好,同时乳液的平均粒径最小（21.4±0.314）μm。黄原胶的加入增大了乳液的净电荷,乳液的稳定性提高。共聚焦显微镜结果表明,乳液M-WG-XG液滴分布均匀,界面层呈现出多层结构。相比于其他方式制备的乳液,乳液M-WG-XG有更好的黏弹性和离子稳定性。     

Effect of ultrasound on physicochemical properties of emulsion stabilized by fish myofibrillar protein and xanthan gum

To investigate the effects ultrasound (20 kHz, 150–600 W) on physicochemical properties of emulsion stabilized by myofibrillar protein (MP) and xanthan gum (XG), the emulsions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ζ-potential, particle size, rheology, surface tension, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). FT-IR spectra confirmed the complexation of MP and XG, and ultrasound did not change the functional groups in the complexes. The emulsion treated at 300 W showed the best stability, with the lowest particle size, the lowest surface tension (26.7 mNm⁻¹) and the largest ζ-potential absolute value (25.4 mV), that were confirmed in the CLSM photos. Ultrasound reduced the apparent viscosity of the MP-XG emulsions, and the changes of particle size were manifested in flow properties. Generally, ultrasound was successfully applied to improve the physical stability of MP-XG emulsion, which could be used as a novel delivery system for functional material.     

Ability of flaxseed and soybean protein concentrates to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions

The ability of flaxseed protein concentrate (FPC) to stabilize soybean oil-in-water emulsion was compared with that of soybean protein concentrate (SPC). The stability of emulsions increased with increase in protein concentration. The FPC-stabilized emulsions had smaller droplet size and higher surface charge, but worse stability at the same protein concentration compared to SPC-stabilized emulsions. Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by both proteins were diluted and compared at different pH values (3–7), ionic strength (0–200 mM NaCl) and thermal treatment regimes (25–95 °C for 20 min). Considerable emulsion droplet flocculation occurred around iso-electric point of both proteins: FPC (pH 4.2) and SPC (pH 4.5). FPC and SPC-stabilized emulsions remained relatively stable against droplet aggregation and creaming at NaCl concentration below 100 and 50 mM, respectively. The emulsions stabilized by both proteins were fairly stable within these thermal processing regimes. FPC appears to be less effective as an emulsifier compared to SPC due to its lower emulsion viscosity. Hence, FPC could be more effective in emulsions that are fairly viscous.     

均质压力对亚麻籽油体乳液稳定性及体外消化的影响

本实验以亚麻籽油体为研究对象,通过对其进行均质处理,得到了稳定的富含α-亚麻酸的亚麻籽油体乳液,为居民在日常膳食中提高-3不饱和脂肪酸摄入量提供了新的途径。在保持均质时间相同的条件下(3 min),对亚麻籽油体进行不同均质压力(40、80、120 MPa)与均质次数(1～3次)处理,考察均质处理对亚麻籽油体乳液的性质、环境稳定性(pH、离子强度、热、氧化稳定性)、储藏稳定性和消化特性的影响。结果表明,FOB在120 MPa下均质处理3次,电位绝对值增加,粒径显著减小(P<0.05)。均质处理后的亚麻籽油体乳液在50～90℃下热处理30 min,粒径、电位稳定,且表现出更好的氧化稳定性和储藏稳定性(P<0.05)。均质处理亚麻籽油体并不影响其对pH4～5和离子强度不稳定(P>0.05)。消化结果表明,均质处理后的亚麻籽油体乳液具有更快的脂肪酸释放速率(FFA)。综上,均质处理显著了减小亚麻籽油体乳液的粒径,增强了亚麻籽油体的储藏稳定性和氧化稳定性,且加快了脂肪酸释放速率。     

Production and stabilization of a flaxseed oil multi-layer emulsion containing sodium caseinate and pectin

The purpose of this research is the evaluation of a flaxseed oil-in-water emulsion, stabilized by a multi-layer structure consisting of sodium caseinate (Na-caseinate) and pectin to provide a basis for the combination of these materials for future studies. In the first step, the o/w emulsion (10 g oil, 90 g aqueous phase, and a pH 6.8) with varying concentration of Na-caseinate was investigated. Second, the pectin solution (0.05–1.5 g/100 g solution) was added to the primary emulsions and the pH was adjusted to 3.0. The emulsions were characterized by mean particle size (dynamic light scattering and static light scattering techniques), ζ-potential, turbidity value, creaming index, and the visualization of the microstructure. A clear separation of the oil phase at low protein contents and destabilizing by depletion flocculation at high protein content were observed. Extensive droplet flocculation and coalescence were determined until the pectin concentration reached 0.5 g/100 g solution for the secondary emulsion. After 7 days of storage, a 1.5 g/100 g solution pectin content had good stability with a relatively small size distribution, high turbidity value, and no cream phase separation.     

Effect of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum addition on whey protein concentrate stabilized emulsions stored at cold and ambient temperature

In this study the effect of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum on the properties of whey protein concentrate (WPC) stabilized corn oil-in-water emulsions at pH 7 was investigated. Various concentrations (0–0.6% w/v) of L. perfoliatum seed gum were used together with 2% (w/v) WPC to emulsify corn oil in water at a ratio of 1:5. Quality attributed such as particle size distribution, creaming profile and coalescence rate during storage at 4 and 25 °C; surface and interfacial tension; zeta potential and viscosity of the emulsions were determined. The results indicated that the addition of L. perfoliatum seed gum had no significant effect on zeta potential but the surface and interfacial tension increased with the rise of gum concentration. It was also found that the addition of L. perfoliatum seed gum to WPC emulsions at a critical concentration of 0.2% (w/v) caused flocculation of oil droplets, which resulted in marked increase in particle size and the creaming rate. However at higher gum concentrations beyond this value, the particle size remained constant, apparently because of the high viscosity of the aqueous phase. At all concentrations tested, emulsions stored at 4 °C were more stable except for those containing 0.2% L. perfoliatum seed gum.     

The effect of addition of flaxseed gum on the emulsion properties of soybean protein isolate (SPI)

The effect of addition of flaxseed gum on the emulsion properties of soybean protein isolate (SPI) were investigated in this study. Flaxseed gum with 0.05-0.5% (w/v) concentration was used together with 1% (w/v) SPI to emulsify 10% (v/v) soybean oil. The emulsion was analyzed for emulsion activity (turbidity), stability, particle size, surface charge, and rheological properties. The turbidity and absolute zeta-potential values decreased initially by the addition of flaxseed gum and subsequently increased with further increase in the gum concentration to reach their peak around 0.35% (w/v) gum. The particle size of the emulsion decreased and reached a minimum value at 0.1% (w/v) gum concentration. Any increase in gum concentration beyond this value resulted into increase in the particle size. This study would help to widen the application of SPI and flaxseed gum mixture, and also contribute to the understanding of protein-gum interaction in emulsion.