龟苓膏中重金属健康风险评价

试验借鉴美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型,建立龟苓膏产品中重金属的健康风险评价模型,据此评估食用龟苓膏产品的健康风险度的大小。研究结果显示,当日均食用龟苓膏为10.83 g时,铬、锌和镉的健康风险指数(HQ)分别为3.4×10~(-5),6.3×10~(-4)和3.3×10~(-3),该3种金属的综合健康风险指数(HI)为4.0×10~(-3),健康风险指数均小于1。因此,认为铬、锌和镉对暴露人群没有明显的健康风险。研究成果可为食品质量监测管理执法部门提供科学理论依据,且为DB 45/391—2011"地理标志产品梧州龟苓膏"日后修订提供技术支撑,并为应对龟苓膏突发重金属污染事故提供数据积累和技术储备。     

我国海洋食用贝类重金属污染特征及其健康风险

目的探讨我国海洋食用贝类重金属累积水平及人体健康风险。方法基于已报道的数据,分析我国海洋食用贝类中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg污染统计特征,采用美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)提出的靶器官危害系数(THQs)方法评估贝类重金属污染的人体健康风险。结果我国海洋食用贝类中各重金属含量呈非正态分布。Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的平均含量均未超过食品中污染物限量。牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏及贻贝4类典型食用贝类中,As、Cu和Cd的含量均差异有统计学意义(P0.05),牡蛎中Cu和Cd含量最高,缢蛏中As含量最高;4类贝类中其他重金属含量均差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。珠江口、福建沿海、长江口-浙江沿海、山东沿海、渤海湾海域食用贝类中Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg的人体健康风险较低,但山东沿海、渤海湾和福建沿海部分贝类中Cd以及福建海域部分贝类中As的风险超出了可接受水平;除山东沿海、渤海湾和福建沿海贝类重金属污染对儿童的风险值大于1.0外,其他海域贝类6种金属的总风险均可接受;Cd和As是我国贝类重金属污染健康风险的主要贡献者。结论我国海洋食用贝类中Cu、Cd和Cr含量存在超标现象,部分海域一些贝类Cd和As污染的健康风险超出了可接受水平。总体上,海洋贝类重金属污染不严重,但重金属复合污染的健康风险需引起重视。     

太湖水产品中微囊藻毒素-RR的污染状况及 初步健康风险评估

目的了解太湖水产品中微囊藻毒素-RR(microcystin-RR,MC-RR)的污染状况,并对其进行初步非致癌健康风险评估。方法采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS)测定太湖部分水产品中的MC-RR的含量,参照国际环境建模和软件协会推荐的模型对其初步风险进行评价。结果太湖部分水产品可食部分中MC-RR的非致癌年度健康风险值在0.060×10~(-6)a~(-1)~0.18×10~(-6)a~(-1)之间,其中鲤鱼风险值最高,河蚌风险值最低。结论所采太湖水产品中MC-RR年度健康风险值均在最大可接受范围内,但部分水产品长期食用有一定健康风险,需引起人们注意。     

廊坊市各县区生活饮用水中重金属污染物健康风险评价

为了初步评价廊坊市各县区生活饮用水中重金属污染物对人体产生的健康危害,以廊坊市10个县区的生活饮用水为研究对象,对其中As、Cd、Al、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Se、Hg、Pb等10种重金属含量进行检测。采用美国环保署(EPA)推荐的方案建立健康风险评价模型,对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险进行初步评价。结果显示廊坊市各县区饮用水中重金属浓度范围分别为As:(0.51～4.80)μg·L~(-1),Cd:ND.,Al:(2.51～37.94)μg·L~(-1),Mn:(1.33～28.55)μg·L~(-1),Fe:(25.94～85.29)μg·L~(-1),Cu:(0.04～6.90)μg·L~(-1),Zn:(2.98～104.37)μg·L~(-1),Se:(0.03～0.57)μg·L~(-1),Hg:0.03μg·L~(-1),Pb:(0.03～0.53)μg·L~(-1),均未超出GB 5749-2006。饮用水中化学致癌物As所致健康危害的个人年风险水平为1.99E-05a~(-1),饮用水中非化学致癌物所致健康危害的个人年风险水平分别为Al:1.23E-07a~(-1),Mn:3.20E-10a~(-1),Fe:2.83E-10a~(-1),Cu:1.37E-09a~(-1),Zn:4.92E-07a~(-1),Se:1.41E-10a~(-1),Hg:4.49E-11a~(-1),Pb:4.62E-10a~(-1)。廊坊市各县区饮用水中重金属污染物的总健康危害风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0E-05a~(-1)),但化学致癌物As所致健康危害的个人年风险水平较高,应引起重视。     

蔬菜中重金属铅镉含量与健康风险分析

利用单项污染指数法和国际推荐的健康风险评价方法对该市售部分叶菜类蔬菜样品中铅镉的污染状况与其导致的健康风险进行分析和评价。叶菜类蔬菜铅镉含量超标率为12.39%,单项污染指数值均低于2.0;Pb为3.99×10-8(a-1)~1.80×10-7(a-1),总和为9.55×10-7(a-1)。Cd的年平均个人健康风险值范围为1.53×10-5(a-1)~4.09×10-5(a-1),总和为2.13×10-4(a-1);该市售部分叶菜类蔬菜Pb超标;单项污染指数评价结果说明该市售叶菜类蔬菜基本属于优良及安全范围。从健康风险指数来看,该市售叶菜类蔬菜中铅镉对人体健康危害的个人年风险处于安全水平。但其个人年健康风险总和高于ICRP推荐的标准值,说明该市居民饮食摄入蔬菜的Pb、Cd已具有潜在的健康威胁。     

崇明区食用农产品重金属污染状况及健康风险评估

目的了解上海市崇明区食用农产品中铅、砷、汞、镉等重金属的污染状况及其对人体健康风险评估。方法对全区290件食用农产品中的铅、砷、汞、镉等重金属进行监测,利用单因子污染指数法以及综合污染指数法分析重金属污染特征,采用健康风险分析法评价农产品中重金属对人体的健康风险。结果 290件样品中的4种重金属均未超出标准限量值,水果中重金属污染水平均低于0.6,属于清洁水平;蔬菜和稻谷中重金属污染物残留较多,属于尚清洁水平。谷物和蔬菜中重金属危害系数均小于1。结论崇明区食用农产品中重金属存在一定的污染残留,靶标危害系数法分析结果表明未对人体造成健康风险。     

陕西省新鲜果蔬中砷污染状况调查及其暴露评估

目的了解陕西省新鲜水果和蔬菜中砷的污染状况及评价其对人体的潜在危害。方法 2012—2015年共采集1 270份新鲜蔬菜和363份新鲜水果并测定砷含量,分别从年份、类别和地区三方面进行统计分析,以食品添加剂专家委员会(JECFA)制定的砷暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)为标准对居民经食用果蔬所致砷的暴露量进行评估,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行评价。结果近4年来果蔬中的砷平均含量范围为0.013~0.036 mg/kg;8类蔬菜的砷含量相近,6类水果中瓜果类的砷含量较高,平均值为0.052mg/kg;陕西省宝鸡、延安和商洛地区果蔬砷含量较高。整体而言,陕西居民经食用果蔬所致砷平均暴露量低于JECFA制定砷的PTWI及其所引起的平均个人年风险值亦小于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1),但偏高暴露引起的健康风险不容忽视。结论陕西省部分果蔬样品存在砷污染情况,居民通过食用果蔬所致砷的暴露量在安全范围内,其所引起的健康风险有待进一步研究。     

食用植物油中多环芳烃的污染情况及健康风险评价

针对食用植物油中存在多环芳烃污染和危害,采用高效液相色谱法对随机采集的75份食用植物油样本进行了16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的检测,以终生致癌风险作为评价指标,进行健康风险评价.结果表明:75份食用植物油样本中普遍存在PAHs污染,萘的污染程度最高,检出率为89.3％,平均含量为13.67 μg/kg;苊烯污染程度最小,未检出;食用植物油中轻质PAHs污染程度远高于重质PAHs;4类食用植物油中总轻质PAHs与16种优控PAHs总污染水平顺序均为:花生油＞大豆油＞玉米油＞调和油;总重质PAHs的污染水平顺序为:花生油＞玉米油＞大豆油＞调和油;食用植物油中PAHs污染具有潜在的致癌风险,其风险顺序为:花生油＞大豆油＞调和油＞玉米油.建议强化食用植物油中PAHs的控制和监管,修订相关标准,规定PAHs的最高限量值,确保食用植物油PAHs污染处在较低水平及其潜在危害处在可忽略水平.     

临沂植烟土壤重金属空间分布特征与生态健康风险评价

土壤重金属空间分布与风险评价对土壤重金属污染防治具有重要的指导意义。以传统适宜烤烟种植区山东省临沂市为研究对象,通过布点采样和地理信息系统制图,分析了土壤重金属的空间分布以及地区、土类间的差异,采用地积累指数、污染指数分析了土壤重金属富集污染水平,并对土壤重金属潜在生态风险和人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,临沂植烟耕层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量分别为3.85、0.09、47.56、14.45、0.07、18.04、17.82和29.21 mg/kg;空间分布上,北部、中部和西南地区土壤重金属含量相对较高;8种重金属中仅Cd和Hg在部分土壤中表现出富集和污染;土壤重金属潜在生态风险大小顺序为Hg > Cd > As > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr > Zn,其中部分土壤Cd和Hg对当地环境具有显著潜在生态风险;而土壤中所有重金属均没有显著的人体健康风险。因此,临沂植烟土壤存在一定程度的Cd和Hg污染风险,应采取措施进行控制。     

食用植物油中EU15+1PAHs污染情况及精炼过程对其含量的影响

采用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法对4种食用植物油(菜籽油、花生油、芝麻油、茶籽油)共150份样品进行欧盟优控的15+1种多环芳烃(PAHs)检测,分析比较不同油种和不同级别油的污染情况,并对稻米油的精炼过程的样品检测,分析探讨食用植物油中PAHs污染的关键环节,为科学合理提出控制其健康风险的管理措施提供依据。结果显示:我国市售食用植物油不同程度地受到PAHs的污染,检出率在5%~90%之间,平均污染水平范围0.30~4.72μg/kg;PAH4为主要污染物,平均含量12.50μg/kg,其中污染最为严重,检出率90%,平均含量4.72μg/kg;苯并(a)芘作为食用植物油的重要卫生指标,平均含量2.27μg/kg;4种食用植物油中花生油污染最为严重;稻米油精炼过程中脱酸和脱色工序显著降低了PAH4的含量,成品油苯并(a)芘含量小于2μg/kg,∑PAH4含量小于10μg/kg,达到了良好的品质。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.