不同全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头品质的影响研究

目的探讨不同全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头品质影响的变化规律。方法采用不同比例全麦粉(0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%)替代小麦粉,测定了混合粉的湿面筋含量和流变学特性,对比新鲜馒头,评价全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头外观、质构和感官品质的影响。结果随全麦粉替代率增加,面团湿面筋含量降低、吸水率增大、形成时间延长、稳定时间缩短。随全麦粉替代率的增大,冷冻和新鲜馒头总体呈现馒头芯和馒头皮亮度下降、比容减小、硬度和咀嚼性增大、弹性和黏聚性降低、整体感官评分下降。相对于新鲜馒头,冷冻馒头复蒸后亮度下降、比容减小、高径比增大、硬度和咀嚼性增大、感官评分下降。结论全麦粉替代率20%及以内的冷冻馒头复蒸后品质仍可较为接近新鲜小麦馒头品质。若进一步提升全麦粉替代率,冷冻馒头复蒸后品质下降显著(P<0.05),有必要进一步开展品质改良研究。     

The effects of extruded black rice flour on rheological and structural properties of wheat-based dough and bread quality

Addition of raw black rice flour leads to deficient processability on bread making quality. One of the effective methods to modify the functional properties of black rice flour (BRF) composite dough is to extrude black rice flour (EBRF) before incorporation. This study investigated and compared the effect of BRF and EBRF addition level of 10%–50% on the rheology, microstructure of dough and bread quality. The rheological properties of composite dough were recorded by Mixolab, stress relaxation and tensile test. The substitution of EBRF presented higher water absorption but lower development time, protein weakening, starch gelatinization, starch gel stability and starch retrogradation than wheat flour dough. Both the BRF and EBRF dough presented solid-like behaviour, while the EBRF dough showed more viscous, higher resistance and extensibility than BRF dough. The dough microstructure of dough was observed by SEM, and a more compact structure of EBRF dough could be seen than BRF dough. The incorporation of EBRF in bread quality presented higher specific volume, lower bake loss and firmness than BRF bread. These findings indicated the potential utilisation value of extruded black rice flour in bread making.     

薏米全粉的添加对小麦粉加工品质的影响

研究不同添加量（5%、10%、15%、20%和25%）的薏米全粉对小麦粉的粉质特性,拉伸特性、糊化特性以及对馒头的质构和感官评价的影响。结果表明：薏米全粉的添加增加了小麦粉中蛋白质、油脂和灰分的含量。与小麦粉面团相比,薏米全粉不影响小麦粉的形成时间和稳定时间,但在添加量高于15%时弱化度增加显著;添加薏米全粉的面团拉伸能量,延伸性总体上降低,最大拉伸阻力在45?min和135?min差异不显著,拉伸比增加显著。薏米粉的添加显著提高了馒头的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,显著降低了回复性和内聚性,感官评定与质构硬度和咀嚼性结果一致。随着薏米全粉的添加,口感各个指标总体上降低,但是5%～10%的薏米全粉添加量对馒头感官评价影响不大,并且少量薏米所产生的气味更受人喜爱。结合上述因素,考虑到对面团流变特性、糊化特性和馒头品质的影响,小麦粉中添加10%的薏米全粉较为合适。     

复配品质改良剂对南方馒头冷冻面团冻藏品质的影响

为提升和改善冷冻面团南方馒头的品质,分析冻藏过程中复配品质改良剂(海藻糖添加量4%、磷酸二氢钠添加量0.15%、黄原胶添加量0.05%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.04%)对冷冻面团南方馒头比容、硬度、感官品质的影响,并从面团拉伸特性、动态流变特性、微观结构、蛋白质二级结构等方面探究复配品质改良剂在南方馒头冷冻面团中的作用机理。结果表明:冻藏过程中,冰晶会对淀粉颗粒、面筋蛋白及网络结构造成伤害,导致面团品质下降。复配品质改良剂可以保护面团中的面筋结构,减少面筋蛋白二级结构的变化,进而延缓弹性模量和黏性模量的降低速度,改善面团最大拉伸阻力和延伸度劣变,提升南方馒头硬度、比容和感官品质等品质,保持南方馒头松软的风味。     

小麦粉吸水速率对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

该文以不同吸水速率的小麦粉为基础,研究在相同的揉混条件下,其面团特性及馒头品质的变化。使用粉质仪将面团稠度达到最高时所用的加水量与消耗的时间的比值定义为吸水速率,测定不同吸水速率小麦粉其粉质特性、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、游离巯基与二硫键含量、面团质构特性、馒头比容与高径比、馒头的质构特性。研究结果表明,当小麦粉吸水速率从0.17 g/s增大到3.87 g/s时,面团的稳定时间及粉质质量指数显著下降。其湿面筋含量从38.81%下降到19.19%,二硫键含量从13.31μmol/g下降到9.05μmol/g。面团的质构特性在发酵0 min时呈先升高后降低趋势、在醒发45 min后整体呈下降趋势。馒头的比容从2.67 mL/g降低到2.27 mL/g、高径比从0.68降低到0.56,其硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性均成下降趋势。整体而言,吸水速率低的小麦粉其面团相对较硬且馒头较为筋道有嚼劲;吸水速率较高的小麦粉其面团硬度稍弱且馒头较为松软。     

挤压膨化玉米粉对小麦粉面团特性及馒头质构特性的影响

对比研究不同添加量的挤压膨化玉米粉和玉米粉对小麦面团粉质特性、糊化特性以及对馒头质构特性的影响。结果表明:挤压膨化玉米粉添加量增加到25%时,面团吸水率升高6.72%、稳定时间下降82.64%、蛋白质弱化度升高60.78%、形成时间下降88.37%、峰值黏度降低55.60%、低谷黏度降低60.91%、最终黏度降低58.41%、崩解值降低34.07%、回生值降低50.43%;膨化玉米粉添加量为10%时,馒头的弹性、内聚性和回复性最大,硬度显著的低于对照(p<0.05),馒头的口感柔软、筋道,爽口不黏牙,品质最好。玉米粉添加量、面团的粉质特性、糊化特性与馒头的质构特性显著相关,可通过混合粉面团的粉质特性和糊化特性对馒头的质构特性进行预测。与玉米粉相比,挤压膨化玉米粉能够提高面团的吸水率,增强小麦粉的热稳定性,延缓面团的老化,改善了馒头的品质。     

红枣粉添加量对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

研究红枣粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响,确定适宜的红枣粉小麦粉配比。探讨了添加不同比例红枣粉（0、5%、10%、15%）对混合粉理化性质、色差、面团的微观结构和粉质拉伸特性,以及对馒头比容、色差、质构和感官品质等的影响。结果表明:随着红枣粉添加量的增加,混合粉中的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量逐渐降低,灰分和还原糖的含量逐渐升高;混合粉及馒头的颜色逐渐变红变暗;面团吸水率逐渐降低,形成时间与稳定时间呈先上升后下降,弱化度呈先下降后上升的趋势;添加不同比例红枣粉面团随着醒发时间（45、90、135 min）的延长,面团拉伸能量、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标总体呈上升趋势;面团微观结构显示随红枣粉添加量的增加,面筋蛋白结构逐渐遭到破坏;红枣粉添加量在5%~10%范围内,馒头比容与对照组馒头相比显著增大（P<0.05）;馒头的弹性、回复性随红枣粉的添加逐渐降低;感官评定显示红枣粉添加量在5%~10%范围内,总体得分均比对照组馒头要高,且易被人们接受。综合分析红枣粉对面团特性、馒头质构及感官评价等的影响结果,确定红枣粉添加量不宜超过10%。     

脱脂大豆粉对小麦粉及馒头品质影响研究

将脱脂大豆粉添加到小麦粉中,研究其对小麦粉理化特性和馒头制作品质的影响。研究结果表明,在小麦粉中添加低于2%的脱脂大豆粉时,可以明显地改善小麦粉的品质,具体体现在可以增加面粉的白度,增加面团的吸水量、稳定时间以及拉伸曲线面积和拉伸比数,还可以改善馒头的品质;当在小麦粉中添加高于2%的脱脂大豆粉时,其对面粉的品质具有不好的影响,具体体现在降低小麦粉的白度以及面团的筋力,对馒头的品质也具有不良的影响,表现为馒头体积变小,颜色发暗。     

山药薏米芡实混合粉对小麦粉加工品质的影响

在小麦粉中加入山药、薏米、芡实混合粉,利用快速黏度分析仪、Mixolab混合实验仪和质构仪分析不同添加量的混合粉对小麦粉糊化特性、面团热机械学特性以及对馒头质构特性的影响。结果表明:随着混合粉添加量的增加,小麦粉的糊化黏度、崩解值、回生值、糊化温度、糊化时间、面团吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间逐渐降低,蒸煮稳定性和蛋白质弱化度逐渐增大;馒头的硬度、咀嚼性显著增大(P<0.05),弹性先增大后减少,感官评价与质构仪测定结果一致。混合粉添加量为10%时,小麦粉的糊化特性最佳,馒头的品质最好。混合粉添加量、糊化特性、面团热机械学特性与馒头的质构特性显著相关(P<0.05),可通过面团热机械学特性和糊化特性对馒头的质构特性进行预测。     

桑叶超微粉对小麦面团粉质特性及馒头品质的影响

用桑叶超微粉替代部分小麦粉（5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）制作馒头,研究了桑叶超微粉对小麦面团粉质特性和馒头品质的影响。结果表明：桑叶超微粉可提高面团吸水率,面团稳定性呈现先增加后降低的趋势;当取代比例超过15%时,面团的稳定时间显著降低、弱化度显著增加。馒头品质研究结果表明,随着桑叶超微粉添加量的增加,馒头的比容逐渐下降,高径比呈现先增加后降低的趋势,馒头硬度和黏着性增加。当桑叶超微粉添加量为15%时,桑叶馒头的颜色为青绿色,感官评价较高。老化实验结果表明,桑叶超微粉降低了馒头硬化速率,可有效延缓贮藏期间馒头的老化。综上,15%的桑叶超微粉馒头具有较高的感官整体接受性,品质最佳。     

马铃薯全粉剂量效应对面团特性以及馒头品质作用分析

为丰富馒头营养和品种,向面团中加入马铃薯全粉,分析马铃薯全粉基本成分及物化特性,探究马铃薯全粉剂量效应对混粉、面团特性,以及馒头品质影响的研究。结果表明,马铃薯全粉中主要成分为淀粉,含量约为67.07%;马铃薯全粉的持水性、吸水膨胀性分别为3.57 g/g、2.49 mL/g;马铃薯全粉的粘度为12.71 m2/s,与面粉混合可以增强面团的物化特性。马铃薯全粉的添加使得面团粉质特性变差,揉混特性变好,添加量为8%~15%时,面团糊化特性和拉伸特性较好;随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯馒头表皮、内瓤白度降低;马铃薯全粉添加量为5%~8%时,馒头比容、硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性较大,感官评分高。综上所述,为提高面团特性,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为8%~15%;为改善馒头品质,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为5%~8%。     

小麦粉储存湿度对面粉品质及其制作馒头品质的影响

研究通用中筋粉在常温(25℃),不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)条件下储存过程中面粉中水分含量、粗蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、脂肪酸值等指标及其制作面团的酸度和馒头的感官品质的变化。实验结果表明,在湿度80%条件下,随着储存时间的延长面粉水分含量变化显著(p<0.05)。同一储藏时间,湿度越高,面筋含量越低。不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)条件下,面粉中的脂肪酸值都随储存时间的增加而增加(p<0.05)。不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)储存过程的面粉制作的发酵面团的酸度都呈现先降低后增加的趋势,制作馒头的感官评分呈现下降的趋势(p<0.05)。面粉在不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)储存过程中,储存30 d的面粉,醒发后面团酸度都显著下降(p<0.05);继续延长储存期,在湿度50%下的面粉制作的面团酸度有回升,但不超过原始的面团酸度,随储存湿度提高面团酸度增加明显;感官评分表明,储存环境湿度越高,面粉制作的馒头品质下降越快,湿度80%储存60 d后的面粉制成的馒头口感差。湿度50%存放120 d仍可用于加工馒头。结论:面粉储存过程中,湿度越大,面粉品质下降越快,进而影响到所制作的馒头品质。     

Enrichment of Egyptian 'Balady' bread. Part 1. Baking studies, physical and sensory evaluation of enrichment with decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (Vicia faba L.)

Physical, rheological and baking properties of decorticated cracked broadbeans-wheat composite flours were studied and the acceptability of the Egyptian 'Balady' bread was evaluated by sensory tests. Decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (DCBF) was used to replace 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the wheat flour (WF) in bread. Farinographic studies showed that water absorption, arrival time and dough development time increased as the amount of DCBF increased, while dough stability time increased at 5% and 10% of DCBF substitution and decreased at 15% and 20% substitution. Also, the extensographic energy of the dough decreased as DCBF substitution increased, while the ratio between resistence and extensibility increased. There was a decrease in peak viscosity with increased amounts of DCBF. A reduction of the diameter and weight of bread loaf was observed as the amount of DCBF increased. The sensory properties of 'Balady' bread showed that at the two levels of 5% and 10% DCBF-substitution, the 'Balady' loaves did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the replacement of bread flour (WF) with up to 10% decorticated cracked broadbeans flour produced acceptable Egyptian 'Balady' bread.     

冻藏时间对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响

为探究冻藏时间对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响,本文通过采用酵母菌活性测定、馒头质构特性测定、面筋蛋白二级结构测定、扫描电镜观察等方法,从宏观和微观的角度上分析了冻藏时间的延长对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,酵母菌数量及存活率均呈下降趋势,其中冻藏1周后,表面和内芯的酵母菌数量均减少5.8 lg CFU/g;经过5周冻藏后,冷冻面团馒头的硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性分别增大74.6%、75.7%、75.6%;面筋蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋也随着冻藏时间的延长呈下降趋势,蛋白二级结构稳定性逐渐下降;经过扫描电镜观察发现,面筋网络结构逐步减少,淀粉颗粒与面筋结构分离,部分淀粉颗粒完全裸露。因此表明冻藏时间的延长,会导致冷冻面团馒头品质下降。本研究结果为后续提高冷冻面团馒头品质应用研究提供理论依据。     

藜麦粉对冷冻面团特性及其面包品质的影响

将藜麦和小麦粉按一定比例混合,用快速粘度分析法测定混合粉糊化特性,流变仪测定了冻藏过程中小麦-藜麦冷冻面团的流变学特性,核磁共振法测定面团中水分迁移,并测定其发酵体积变化,最后分析了冷冻面团组织状态与产品品质的关系。结果表明：藜麦粉对冷冻面团及面包的品质均有改善。藜麦粉降低了混合粉体系的糊化粘度和崩解值。冻藏后,冷冻面团的弹性模量和粘性模量增加,小麦粉冷冻面团损耗角正切值增加了4.73%,添加量为5%时冷冻面团损耗角正切值仅增加0.41%;小麦冷冻面团自由水上升了3.90%,藜麦添加后仅上升2.40%,可见藜麦粉能冷冻面团降低水分迁移程度;同时,添加藜麦粉能维持面团面筋网络结构的完整性,发酵体积由26.42 mL/h增大到29.17 mL/h。不同添加量的藜麦粉对面团及面包的品质改善程度不同,最适添加量为10%,烘烤后面包比容为3.08 mL/g,硬度为2803.48 g。本研究可为开发藜麦冷冻面团提供理论基础,在藜麦新产品开发方面具有重要的指导意义。     

乳酸菌发酵剂对杂粮面团及馒头品质的影响

为研究混合乳酸菌发酵对杂粮面团及馒头品质的影响,将黄豌豆粉、莜麦粉、谷朊粉及燕麦β-葡聚糖（oatmeal β-glucan,OBG）复配成杂粮粉基质,利用直投式混合乳酸菌发酵剂发酵面团制作馒头。探究乳酸菌在面团中的酸化能力,分析杂粮面团中OBG、抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）和游离氨基酸含量的变化以及面团的微观结构变化,并对发酵前后的杂粮馒头和小麦粉馒头进行品质及营养特性比较。结果表明,在发酵杂粮面团中乳酸菌酸化能力强,发酵24 h后乳酸和乙酸质量浓度分别达到24.85、8.98 mg/mL。与未发酵的杂粮面团相比,乳酸菌发酵杂粮面团中OBG含量下降32.56%,RS含量上升32.88%,游离氨基酸总量提升至1.46倍,氨基酸组成模式更优,部分蛋白质和纤维素发生降解,面筋网络结构更加紧密且连续。在营养方面,乳酸菌发酵前后的杂粮馒头膳食纤维质量分数均高于6%,蛋白质质量分数分别为40.35%和38.38%,属于高纤维高蛋白食品,显著优于小麦粉馒头。乳酸菌发酵杂粮馒头具有更高的体外蛋白消化率和比容,且乳酸菌发酵杂粮馒头感官评价总评分显著高于未发酵杂粮馒头,整体可接受度...     

冷冻面团技术的应用和发展

冷冻面团技术因其特殊的优越性成为我国食品工业最具发展潜力的技术之一,可以运用在面包、馒头、包子等面食食品中。面粉、酵母、工艺条件(调粉工艺、前发酵工艺、冷冻系统),以及添加剂等对冷冻面团质量有影响,酵母的耐冻性弱、冷冻过程中面团组分遭到破坏是目前冷冻面团技术中存在的问题。     

甘薯生全粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

该实验以甘薯-小麦混粉为原料,探究甘薯生全粉添加量对混粉特性、混粉面团特性以及甘薯生全粉馒头综合品质影响的研究。结果表明,甘薯生全粉中主要成分为淀粉,含量约为64.60%;随着混粉中甘薯生全粉含量的增加,混粉的持水性从1.16 g/g增加至1.70 g/g,持油性呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。随着甘薯生全粉添加量增大,混粉粉质特性变差,面团加工品质降低;随着混粉面团中甘薯生全粉含量的增加,面团的TO、TP、TC、硬度逐渐增大,弹性逐渐减小;甘薯生全粉添加量在20%以内时,甘薯馒头感官评分大于70,馒头的质构、比容和白度仍在可接受范围内。综上所述,当甘薯生全粉添加量小于10%时,混合面团的加工特性和馒头品质较优;当甘薯生全粉添加量小于20wt%时,混合面团的加工特性和馒头品质在可接受范围内。     

Comparison of uniaxial/biaxial extensional rheological properties of mixed dough with traditional rheological test results: relationship with the quality of steamed bread

The formula and preparation of steamed bread are different from those of western bread. The extensional rheological behaviour plays a key role in the development of steamed bread dough. However, there are inadequate studies on the rheological properties of mixed dough with yeast. In this study, the relationship between properties of dough in the presence or absence of yeast was elucidated. Besides, the flour characteristics and quality of steamed bread prepared from different wheat varieties were evaluated. The uniaxial/biaxial extensional rheological properties of wheat dough were compared with traditional rheological test results. Large deformations in the extensional properties were measured by Extensograph and the Kieffer extensibility rig, while the biaxial extension was quantified using uniaxial compression. These characteristics of dough and flour correlated with each other in different ways. Correlation analysis illustrated that the uniaxial extensional rheological properties of dough with yeast better indicated the quality of the steamed bread. Moreover, the total work for breakage of the dough with yeast was the best predictor for specific volume of steamed bread. The texture-based properties of steamed bread showed correlation with biaxial extension viscosity. The rheological tests provide useful information for evaluating wheat flour and steamed bread quality.     

Effect of β‐Glucan–Rich Barley Flour Fraction on Rheology and Quality of Frozen Yeasted Dough

Research has shown that prolonged frozen storage of bread dough reduces the quality of the end product. In this study, the effect of air‐classified barley flour fraction rich in β‐glucan (approximately 25%) on rheology and quality of frozen yeasted bread dough was investigated. Wheat flour (W) was replaced by air‐classified barley flour fraction (B) at 10% without or with 1.4% vital gluten to produce β‐glucan enriched barley dough (WB) or barley dough plus gluten (WB + G). Dough products were stored at ?18 ºC for 8 wk and their rheological properties were investigated weekly. During frozen storage dough extensibility increased, while elastic and viscous moduli decreased. Differential scanning calorimeter and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicated that WB and WB + G dough products contained approximately 10% less freezable water and 9% more bound water compared to the control dough (W). β‐Glucan enriched dough also exhibited less changes in gluten network as shown by SEM photographs. The addition of air‐classified barley flour fraction at 10% in frozen dough reduced deterioration effects caused by frozen storage via minimizing water redistribution and maintaining rheological properties of frozen dough.