氯化钙/甲酸溶解体系下氯化钙质量分数对蚕丝溶解性的影响

采用氯化钙/甲酸(CaCl2/FA)溶解体系对丝素进行溶解,讨论不同CaCl2质量分数对丝素溶解性的影响,通过流变、SEM、红外光谱以及X衍射等测试手段表征丝素溶液及其干燥膜的结构特征。结果表明:在相同温度、溶解时间条件下,丝素的溶解度随着CaCl2质量分数的增加而增加,溶解呈现先快后缓的上升趋势;当CaCl2质量分数为2%、5%、8%、10%时,丝素溶液的流变曲线中剪切黏度随剪切速率的增大先增加后减小,CaCl2质量分数为1%时,黏度明显高于其他质量分数值溶解下的丝素溶液。通过SEM可清晰地观察到丝素溶液以及丝素干燥膜中的纳米纤维结构。红外光谱分析表明,该溶解体系制备的丝素蛋白大分子以β-折叠结构为主,而CaCl2质量浓度的不同对丝素的结构影响不明显。X衍射分析表明,丝素在9.5°、20.5°和23.9°处出现结晶峰,均属于Silk II结构。     

蚕丝的柠檬酸脱胶

将柠檬酸用到蚕丝的脱胶处理中,研究了酸的质量浓度、反应温度和时间等对脱胶效果的影响,得出了最佳工艺:柠檬酸质量浓度15g/L,温度98℃,浴比1∶60,处理时间30min.研究了酸脱胶后蚕丝的机械性能和表面形态结构的变化,结果表明:对丝素的损伤较小,脱胶后丝的表面变得平滑.     

超声辅助低浓度碱溶液溶解丝素的研究

研究低浓度碱溶液对丝素的溶解性能,考察碱溶液浓度、溶解温度、溶解时间和浴比等因素对碱溶液溶解丝素的影响。结果表明:在超声协同下,碱溶液对丝素的溶解能力随碱的质量分数、加热温度的增加而提高;丝素的溶解率随溶解时间的增长而增大,随浴比的增大而减小;当碱的质量分数小于1%时,丝素不能被完全溶解为短纤维;当碱的质量分数为3%时,被溶解的丝素短纤维均一性最好。     

可溶性丝素粉末的制备

研究了较大规模制备丝素粉末的方法 .以废蚕丝为原料 ,经 0 .5g/dL的Na2 CO3溶液精炼后 ,用质量分数为 4 0 %的CaCl2 溶液溶解丝素 ,采用中空纤维超滤器脱盐 ,丝素溶液经冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥后即制成白色的丝素粉末 .从丝素的SephacrylS 2 0 0凝胶过滤图谱中可以看出 :用氯化钙溶液溶解丝素 ,煮沸时间延长 ,丝素相对分子质量呈下降趋势 ;在超滤浓缩过程中 ,丝素发生了部分缔合 .     

基于钙醇体系的丝素蛋白提取工艺

采用尿素对蚕丝进行脱胶,在钙醇体系下对丝素进行溶解得到丝素蛋白,对蚕丝的脱胶率、丝素蛋白化学结构、丝素蛋白含量和相对分子质量进行测试.结果表明:当尿素为9 mol/L,处理温度90～100℃,处理时间2 h时,蚕丝脱胶所用时间最短.在CaCl2-EtOH-H2O(物质的量之比1:2:8)体系下,溶解温度90℃,溶解时间...     

真丝厚织物精炼工艺探讨

真丝绸的精炼是依据丝胶和丝素溶解度的不同,用精炼剂脱除丝胶和其他杂质。脱胶后的丝素不但应使强力、伸长、光泽、手感等物理性能不受影响或少受影响,而且还要求脱胶均匀一致,渗透性好。决定丝胶溶解性能的主要因素是炼液的温度和pH值。在60℃以下,丝胶仅是膨胀,溶解量很少;在100℃的沸水中,丝胶即能逐步溶解。以11207、11210电力纺为例,在pH=6.5、浴比1:40的软水中,沸煮不同时间的炼减率如下:     

脱胶工艺对蚕丝溶解及再生丝素蛋白纤维性能的影响

为探究脱胶工艺与蚕丝溶解及纤维成形之间的关系,讨论了脱胶溶液质量分数、脱胶次数对蚕丝脱胶率、蚕丝表面形貌、丝素溶解度以及再生丝素蛋白纤维结构及性能的影响。结果表明：蚕丝脱胶率随 Na2CO3 溶液质量分数与脱胶次数的增加而增加,当 Na2CO3 溶液质量分数为0.1%、脱胶3次时,脱胶丝素纤维表面出现明显劈裂的微原纤结构,纤维的断裂强度下降了27.6%。丝胶的去除程度对丝素溶解及再生丝素纤维的结构有所影响,溶解时间随 Na2CO3 溶液质量分数、脱胶次数的增加而减少,再生丝素蛋白纤维的力学性能随脱胶程度的加深而降低,当 Na2CO3 溶液质量分数为0.05%、脱胶3次时,再生丝素蛋白纤维直径均匀、表面光滑、结构紧密且力学性能较好。     

废旧毛丝混纺面料的溶解回收

采用CaCl_2-乙醇-水组成的三元溶液体系溶解废旧毛丝混纺面料中的蚕丝纤维,分别回收羊毛和蚕丝。通过单因素试验和正交试验,探讨了CaCl_2浓度、乙醇体积分数和温度对丝素蛋白纤维的影响。得到优化的溶解工艺为:CaCl_2浓度4.5 mol/L,温度90℃,乙醇体积分数30%,浴比1∶30。通过红外光谱分析,发现经溶解工艺处理后,混纺面料中的蚕丝纤维成分被完全溶解,且对羊毛纤维没有影响。     

丝素蛋白溶液的制备工艺研究

从丝素蛋白的功能活性角度出发,对工业废蚕丝进行进行脱胶处理,选择安全、廉价的碳酸钠作为脱胶剂,并采用正交试验对脱胶条件进行了优化,得出最佳脱胶工艺条件为:Na2CO3质量分数为0.5%,脱胶时间为30 min,废蚕丝与Na2CO3溶液的固液比为1∶50(g/m L),此时脱胶率最高,可达23.1%,同时对脱胶的蚕丝进行了盐溶处理,得出脱胶丝素以Ca Cl2质量分数为40%,溶解时间为5 min进行溶解时,其效果最好。     

再生蓖麻蚕丝素蛋白静电纺丝的结构研究

采用碳酸钠溶液对蓖麻蚕丝纤维脱胶,将脱胶后的蓖麻蚕丝素溶解于一定浓度的硫氰酸锂溶液中,透析成膜.然后将丝素膜溶解于六氟异丙醇,利用静电纺丝法制得再生蓖麻蚕丝素蛋白非织造网.通过扫描电镜观察非织造网的形态结构,红外光谱、X-射线衍射、热分析(DTA/TG)分析纤维的聚集态结构变化.研究结果表明,再生蓖麻蚕丝素蛋白非织造网纤维直径大约在几微米,与天然丝素相比其聚集态结构有较大变化.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status