应用DiversiLab分型系统对沙门氏菌进行同源性分析

目的:为研究食品污染中沙门氏菌间的同源性关系,建立起沙门氏菌基于重复序列的分型技术。通过建立DiversiLab基因图谱数据库,以便对将来不同来源的沙门氏菌的基因图谱进行即时比较,确定其同源性,进而追溯污染来源,切断传播途径,为预测预警保障食品安全提供科学依据,为防止食源性疾病的发生提供技术支持。同时进行血清分型,比较分析2种方法的优劣和之间的关系。方法:对2002～2010年福建省出入境检验检疫局从各类食品及饲料中分离出的沙门氏菌先进行血清分型,然后进行DiversiLab分型,其中包括:DNA提取,rep-PCR和微电泳芯片分离检测。rep-PCR条件:94℃预变性2min;94℃变性30s,50℃退火30s,70℃延伸90s,35个循环,最后70℃延伸3min。结果:23株沙门氏菌被分成6个血清型,DiversiLab分型能将相同血清型的菌株分为不同的亚型。同一企业来源的菌株具有同源性。结论:DiversiLab分型系统是一种快速、易于操作、高重复性、高分辨率的基因分型方法,可作为食源性疾病同源性分型工具。结论:DiversiLab分型的分辨率高于血清型,2种分型方法密切相关。     

奶制品中分离的阪崎肠杆菌温度耐受性的研究

对从奶制品中分离的65株阪崎肠杆菌的培养特征、生化鉴定、温度耐受性等进行分析研究,比较来源不同的菌株在生物学特性方面是否存在差异,了解从奶制品中分离的阪崎肠杆菌的热耐受情况、60℃存活时间以及4℃低温的耐受情况。结果表明,阪崎肠杆菌热耐受性与菌落形态特征、表型存在一定的相关性,65株菌都表现较为耐热和能够耐受4℃低温3个月以上。     

环境因子对阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌生物膜形成的研究

目的研究阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌生物膜的形成特性。方法采用结晶紫染色法检测生物膜形成量,考察培养时间、培养温度以及初始pH值3个环境因子对阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌生物膜形成的影响。结果结果表明培养时间、培养温度以及初始pH值对生物膜形成影响较大,且各阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌的最佳成膜条件分别为:阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌CICC21550最适温度为30℃,最适PH为7,最佳培养时间为36h;阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌CICC 21562最适温度为30℃,最适pH为5,最佳培养时间为48 h;阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌CICC 21544最适温度为42℃,最适pH为7,最佳培养时间为24 h;阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌CICC 21563最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7,最佳培养时间为36 h。结论 4株阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌的生物被膜成膜能力由强及弱依次为阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌CICC 21550、21544、21563、21562。本研究为阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌生物膜相关研究提供理论参考。     

中国安徽阜阳劣质婴儿配方粉中阪崎肠杆菌的污染

2004年中国安徽阜阳劣质婴儿配方粉事件引起了我国政府的高度重视.为了调查婴儿配方粉中阪崎肠杆菌的污染状况,根据美国FDA和加拿大实验室的方法,建立了婴儿配方粉中阪崎肠杆菌的分离鉴定技术.从87份阜阳劣质奶粉样品中检测到11份阪崎肠杆菌阳性样品,污染阳性率为12.6%.用API 20E和Qualicon BAX(R)系统鉴定了11株阪崎肠杆菌.这是国内首次从婴儿配方粉中分离到阪崎肠杆菌菌株.     

阪崎肠杆菌的生物学特性及其在婴幼儿配方奶粉中的预测模型

研究阪崎肠杆菌的生长特性,考察不同温度、NaCl含量、pH值条件下阪崎肠杆菌在脑-心浸萃液态培养基中的生长情况。为建立婴幼儿配方奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的生长模型,将阪崎肠杆菌接种到婴幼儿配方奶粉中,用4个一级生长模型结合美国农业部东部地区研究中心开发的IPMP2013软件,拟合阪崎肠杆菌在37℃的生长情况。结果表明:阪崎肠杆菌的最适生长条件:温度35~40℃,NaCl含量1%~3%,pH 5~8。温度、NaCl含量、pH值对阪崎肠杆菌存在显著性影响。Huang模型比Baranyi模型、Gompertz模型和Three-Phase Linear模型更适合拟合婴幼儿配方奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌生长曲线。     

1 株宽宿主谱的阪崎肠杆菌噬菌体生物特性分析及其在乳制品中的应用

以阪崎肠杆菌菌株ATCC25944为宿主菌从河涌水中分离1 株噬菌体TBC-1,具有较宽的阪崎肠杆菌宿主范围。电镜形态学及生物特性结果显示：此噬菌体衣壳为二十面体,具有可收缩性尾部;该噬菌体的最佳感染复数（multiplicity of infection,MOI）为0.001,一步生长曲线显示其潜伏期20 min,爆发期50 min;爆发量为100 PFU/cell;该噬菌体在温度区间40～50 ℃及pH 4～10之间可以保持其效价稳定;对阪崎肠杆菌有较好的裂解杀菌效果,并且MOI越高抑制效果越好。全基因组测序分析显示：该噬菌体的基因组为双链DNA,全基因组分子质量85 313 bp,平均GC含量40.65%,共有118 个蛋白编码区,24 个tRNA。应用结果显示,TBC-1对牛乳中2 种阪崎肠杆菌的抑制效果：室温（25 ℃）培育3 h ,在MOI为106时,能将102 CFU/mL菌抑制到检出限以下;TBC-1对乳粉中2 种阪崎肠杆菌的抑制效果：在25 ℃与37 ℃培育3 h,ATCCBAA894菌量均减少到检出限以下,在25 ℃培育3～12 h,ATCC25944菌量均在检出限以下。本研究表明噬菌体TBC-1具有宽宿主谱系特性、稳定的裂解杀菌以及在牛乳与乳粉中对不同的阪崎肠杆菌均有良好的抑制作用,有潜力成为阪崎肠杆菌生物抑制剂。     

使用微孔板光谱分析仪和平板计数测定阪崎肠杆菌的生长

本实验采用96孔板培养阪崎肠杆菌,然后由微孔板实时监测阪崎肠杆菌的生长.采用微孔板光谱分析仪和传统的平板方法测定阪崎肠杆菌数量之间具有非常好的相关性(R2=0.92),且可缩短测定时问(由至少24h,缩短为小于10h).阪崎肠杆菌菌株36℃培养末期数量相近,但生长曲线不同.进一步研究17株阪崎肠杆菌菌株42℃生长情况,发现微孔板光谱分析仪方法不仅能快速简便测定生长,且可以一种实时的方式知道阪崎肠杆菌在整个培养过程中的生长情况.研究结果表明,采用该方法可将阪崎肠杆菌菌株根据生长曲线的差异进行表型分类,该表型与阪崎肠杆菌菌株生化反应表型结果一致.     

奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的污染及快速检测方法的研究

目的：了解福建省市售婴幼儿配方奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的污染状况、污染途径并寻找快速准确的检测方法。方法：应用分离鉴定、PCR 和荧光PCR 等方法检测,分离鉴定采用阪崎肠杆菌显色培养基和全自动微生物生化仪。结果：阪崎肠杆菌在192 份市售婴幼儿配方奶粉中的检出率为1.56%,在60 份原料奶粉中的检出率为13.33%,30 份生产车间环境样本均未检出。结论：福建省市售婴幼儿配方奶粉中存在阪崎肠杆菌的安全隐患,某工厂奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的污染主要来自原料奶粉。荧光PCR 和显色培养基可用于阪崎肠杆菌的快速筛选和分离。     

阪崎肠杆菌的生物学性状与健康危害

阪崎肠杆菌是肠杆菌科的一种,1980年由黄色阴沟肠杆菌更名为阪崎肠杆菌。阪崎肠杆菌能引起严重的新生儿脑膜炎、小肠结肠炎和菌血症,死亡率高达50%以上。目前,微生物学家尚不清楚阪崎肠杆菌的污染来源,但许多病例报告表明婴儿配方粉是目前发现的主要感染渠道。阪崎肠杆菌的生物学性状及其对人群的健康危害受到人们的关注并被报告。     

配方奶粉生产过程中阪崎肠杆菌的风险与控制

阪崎肠杆菌是20世纪发现的一种对婴幼儿具有严重健康威胁的致病微生物,在婴幼儿配方奶粉的原料和生产过程中都有污染阪崎肠杆菌的风险。准确对配方奶粉生产过程中阪崎肠杆菌的污染风险进行评价,并相应制定科学有效的风险控制措施,对于降低风险、提高产品品质、保障食品安全具有重要意义。本文综述了配方奶粉生产过程中阪崎肠杆菌的存活规律、配方奶粉原料中可能存在的被阪崎肠杆菌污染的风险,以及通过环境、空气、设备以及制度操作等方面对阪崎肠杆菌风险进行控制的各种措施。     

Characterization of a collection of Enterobacter sakazakii isolates from environmental and food sources

Enterobacter sakazakii has emerged as a rare cause of neonatal meningitis, septicemia and enterocolitis. Contaminated infant milk formula (IMF) has been identified as one infection route. A small number of clinical outbreaks have been epidemiologically linked to IMF contaminated post-pasteurization during manufacture and/or mishandled when reconstituted. Currently no agreed standardized typing protocol has been developed to trace E. sakazakii. The objectives of this study were to apply biochemical and genetic methods to characterize 51 environmental and food E. sakazakii isolates and 6 E. sakazakii type strains. Isolates were presumptively identified using biochemical profiles based on API 20E and ID32E methods and by culture on differential selective Druggan Forsythe Iversen (DFI) agar. Identification was subsequently confirmed by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All but one of the isolates was identified as E. sakazakii by biochemical profiling. One isolate was identified as Escherichia vulneris by ID 32E and as Pantoea agglomerans by API 20E. All isolates produced green/blue colonies on DFI medium characteristic of this organism. Real time PCR could differentiate between E. sakazakii, Enterobacter spp. and other Enterobacteriacae. Analysis of RAPD banding patterns revealed 3 major clusters of E. sakazakii. There was a large degree of diversity noted amongst the remaining isolates. Our findings indicate that RAPD may be applied as a useful and reliable tool for direct comparison of E. sakazakii isolates providing traceability through the infant formula food chain.     

A selective differential medium for Enterobacter sakazakii, a preliminary study

Enterobacter sakazakii can cause fatal invasive infection of neonates associated with the presence of this organism in powdered infant milk formula. A new chromogenic medium (Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen agar, DFI) is described for the selective detection of this emergent pathogen. The medium is based on the alpha-glucosidase reaction which is detected using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha,D-glucopyranoside (XalphaGlc). Ent. sakazakii hydrolyses this substrate to an indigo pigment, producing blue-green colonies on this medium. DFI was compared with the current method of detection on violet red bile glucose agar (VRBGA) followed by pigment production on tryptone soy agar (TSA) after 48-72 h at 25 degrees C and subsequent biochemical profile determination using Biomerieux API20E. Ninety-five clinical and food strains of Ent. sakazakii were detected on the DFI chromogenic medium 2 days sooner than the alternative method. The characteristics of 148 strains representing 17 genera of non-Ent. sakazakii Enterobacteriaceae were compared using the two methods. Only 16/18 Escherichia vulneris strains, 2/3 strains of Pantoea spp. and 1/8 Citrobacter koseri strains gave false positive results on DFI agar. Eight alpha-glucosidase positive strains were identified as Pantoea using their API20E biochemical profile, but had higher percentage identification as Ent. sakazakii using ID32E. Therefore the DFI medium enables the detection of Ent. sakazakii within mixed cultures of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas the organism could be missed when using VRBGA since the latter is a general Enterobacteriaceae selective medium. In addition, the common use of API20E to check yellow pigmented colonies on TSA may lead to false negative results and consequently the acceptance of a batch of infant formula milk (IFM) that contains Ent. sakazakii.     

Pasteurization of milk: the heat inactivation kinetics of milk-borne dairy pathogens under commercial-type conditions of turbulent flow

This is the first study to report kinetic data on the survival of a range of significant milk-borne pathogens under commercial-type pasteurization conditions. The most heat-resistant strain of each of the milk-borne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Cronobacter sakazakii (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii), Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella was selected to obtain the worst-case scenario in heat inactivation trials using a pilot-plant-scale pasteurizer. Initially, approximately 30 of each species were screened using a submerged coil unit. Then, UHT milk was inoculated with the most heat-resistant pathogens at ~10(7)/mL and heat treated in a pilot-plant-scale pasteurizer under commercial-type conditions of turbulent flow for 15s over a temperature range from 56 to 66°C and at 72°C. Survivors were enumerated on nonselective media chosen for the highest efficiency of plating of heat-damaged bacteria of each of the chosen strains. The mean log(10) reductions and temperatures of inactivation of the 6 pathogens during a 15-s treatment were Staph. aureus >6.7 at 66.5°C, Y. enterocolitica >6.8 at 62.5°C, pathogenic E. coli >6.8 at 65°C, C. sakazakii >6.7 at 67.5°C, L. monocytogenes >6.9 at 65.5°C, and Salmonella ser. Typhimurium >6.9 at 61.5°C. The kinetic data from these experiments will be used by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to populate the quantitative risk assessment model being developed to investigate the risks to New Zealand consumers from pasteurized, compared with nonpasteurized, milk and milk products.     

A chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients, and environmental sources

A chromogenic agar, R&F Enterobacter sakazakii chromogenic plating medium (ESPM), was developed for isolating presumptive colonies of E. sakazakii from foods and environmental sources. ESPM contains two chromogenic substrates (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-cellobioside), three sugars (sorbitol, D-arabitol, and adonitol), a pH indicator, and inhibitors (bile salts, vancomycin, and cefsulodin), which all contribute to its selectivity and differential properties. On ESPM, 79 pure culture strains of E. sakazakii (10 clinical isolates and others from food and environmental sources) yielded blue-black (three strains were blue-gray) raised colonies, 1 to 2 mm in diameter with and without halos after 24 h at 35 degrees C. Other enteric organisms plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa yielded white, yellow, green, or clear colonies with and without clear halos. Of these genera, only Shigella sonnei and one Pantoea strain produced blue-black to blue-gray colonies. ESPM was used to isolate E. sakazakii from a variety of foods: corn, wheat, and rice flours; powdered infant formula; dairy products (dried milk, whey, and caseinates); cereals; and environmental sources. Most false-positive results on ESPM were eliminated by observing acid production on either sucrose or melibiose after 6 h at 35 degrees C on a R&F E. sakazakii screening medium (ESSM) biplate. In an analysis of 240 samples, the number of samples positive for E. sakazakii by the ESPM-ESSM method and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration protocols (violet red bile glucose agar and tryptic soy agar) were 27 and 16, respectively, with sensitivity and specificity values of 100.0 and 96.9% versus 59.3 and 43.7%, respectively. These data support the fact that E. sakazakii confirmation should be based on more than one confirmation system. Both the API 20E and Biolog Microlog3 4.20 systems should be used for confirmation of E. sakazakii isolates.     

A simple and rapid cultural method for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples

A method was developed to detect and identify Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples. The method is based on selective enrichment at 45+/-0.5 degrees C in lauryl sulfate tryptose broth supplemented with 0.5 M NaCl and 10 mg/liter vancomycin (mLST) for 22 to 24 h followed by streaking on tryptone soy agar with bile salts. When exposed to light during incubation at 37 degrees C, E. sakazakii produces yellow colonies within 24 h; identification was confirmed by testing for alpha-glucosidase activity and by using API 20E strips. All of the E. sakazakii strains tested (n = 99) were able to grow in mLST at 45+/-0.5 degrees C, whereas 35 of 39 strains of potential competitors, all belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae, were suppressed. A survey was carried out with 192 environmental samples from four different milk powder factories. Using this new protocol, E. sakazakii was isolated from almost 40% of the samples, whereas the reference procedure (enrichment in buffered peptone water, isolation on violet red bile glucose agar, and biochemical identification of randomly chosen colonies) only yielded 26% positive results. This selective method can be very useful for the rapid and reliable detection of E. sakazakii in environmental samples.     

THERMAL RESISTANCE, SURVIVAL AND INACTIVATION OF ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII (CRONOBACTER SPP.) IN POWDERED AND RECONSTITUTED INFANT FORMULA

Enterobacter sakazakii has recently been recognized as an opportunistic foodborne pathogen, and dry infant formula serves as the mode of transmission. The objectives of this study were to investigate the heat resistance, survival and inactivation under room and refrigeration temperatures storage of dry and reconstituted infant formula milk (IFM). E. sakazakii strains (eight strains) showed a wide variability in heat resistance at different temperatures (55, 60 and 63C). The D-values at 55C ranged from 1.51 to 14.83 min, at 60C from 0.17 to 2.71 min and at 63C from 0.05 to 0.88 min. The calculated z values for the studied E. sakazakii strains ranged from 3.76–10.11C. Microwave oven heating of 60-mL portions of reconstituted IFM for 40–50 s was effective in eradicating inoculated E. sakazakii. Storing powdered IFM for 15 days at 4C resulted in at least a 1-log reduction in E. sakazakii strains, whereas storing reconstituted IFM at 4C for 2 weeks resulted in more than a 2-log reduction in E. sakazakii.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study shows that E. sakazakii strains differ widely in their heat resistance. No differences were observed between biofilm formers and nonformers in terms of heat-resistance in thermal inactivation kinetics experiments. Conventional high temperature short-time pasteurization processes are considered sufficient to inactivate all E. sakazakii strains, and a household microwave oven (40–50 s for 60-mL portions) can be used to inactivate E. sakazakii if present in reconstituted infant formula milk (IFM). Growth of E. sakazakii can be inhibited in powdered and reconstituted IFM by refrigeration. Also, it is recommended that reconstituted IFM be discarded or refrigerated if not immediately consumed. The probiotic L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 was not effective in inhibiting E. sakazakii in powdered or reconstituted IFM.     

Volatile compounds produced in cheese by Enterobacteriaceae strains of dairy origin

The formation of volatile compounds in fresh cheese by 10 Enterobacteriaceae strains of dairy origin (4 Hafnia alvei, 2 Serratia liquefaciens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Enterobacter sakazakii, and 2 Escherichia coli strains) was investigated. Small cheeses were made from pasteurized cow's milk separately inoculated with 1-3 x 10(3) CFU/ml of each of the Enterobacteriaceae strains, with glucono-8-lactone added to achieve a pH value of 5.2 in the curds. All strains reached counts close to 10(8) CFU/g in 1-day-old cheeses and survived well from day 1 to day 8. Cheeses were analyzed for volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, after extraction by dynamic headspace using a purge and trap apparatus. Sixty-one volatile compounds were determined in cheeses, 31 of which were further investigated. Significant increases of aldehydes, sulfur compounds, and aromatic compounds were recorded from 2-h curd to 1-day-old cheese, and of ketones, alcohols, and acids from 2-h curd to 8-day-old cheese. Acetaldehyde, 2-methyl propanal, and 3-methyl butanal predominated among aldehydes; 2,3-butanedione, 2,3-pentanedione, and 3-hydroxy 2-butanone among ketones; ethanol, 2-methyl propanol, and 3-methyl butanol among alcohols; and ethyl acetate among esters. Hierarchical cluster analysis of strains using the data of 31 volatile compounds separated clearly the strain of E. sakazakii, which produced high amounts of volatile compounds, from the other Enterobacteriaceae strains.     

阪崎克罗诺杆菌鉴定分型方法的比较及耐药特征分析

目的 开展乳粉原料中分离的阪崎克罗诺杆菌（Cronobacter sakazakii,C.sakazakii）鉴定分型比较研究及抗生素耐药基因特征分析。方法 对分离的2株C.sakazakii,采用形态学观察、生理生化特征分析、基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱、16S rDNA测序分析,和基于全基因组测序技术的平均核苷酸一致性分析、多位点序列分型和基于全基因组多位点序列分型,建立了阪崎克罗诺杆菌的鉴定分型方法,并对不同的方法进行了比较,同时还预测了O-血清型和抗生素耐药基因。结果 本研究中分离菌株16-26、31-3的经形态学、生理生化反应、16S rDNA、质谱和ANI,均鉴定为C.sakazakii,可信度均在95%以上。MLST预测16-26为ST新型、31-3为ST4型,O血清型均为gnd 3型、galF 2型,均含有9种耐药基因,2株C.sakazakii分离呈现出多样性。结论 通过对分离的C.sakazakii进行鉴定分型比较研究,建立了一种基于表型和分子分型的食源性致病菌鉴定分型方法,为食源性致病菌的有效防控提供了有力的技术支撑和监管依据。     

禽肉制品中单增李斯特菌的DiversiLab分型

目的：研究从同一类食品中分离出的单增李斯特菌间的同源性关系,为预测预警保障食品安全和食源性疾病溯源提供科学依据和技术支持。方法：应用DiversiLab分型系统对2001-2010年福建出入境检验检疫局从各类禽肉制品中分离出的25 株单增李斯特菌进行分型,其中包括：DNA提取、重复序列-聚合酶链式反应（repetitivesequence-based polymerase chain reaction,rep-PCR）、微电泳芯片分离检测及数据分析。结果：DiversiLab分型中,相似系数为95%时,25 株菌被分为了6 组（G）;相似系数为97%时,25 株菌被分为11 组（P）。结论：DiversiLab分型结果较准确地揭示了25 株菌株间的亲缘性关系。基于rep-PCR的DiversiLab分型系统,是一种操作简单、分辨率高、重复性好且高效快速的基因分型方法,可作为食源性病原体检测及食源性疾病溯源的工具。