响应面法优化脂肪酶催化合成葡萄糖棕榈酸酯(英文)

对固定化假丝酵母脂肪酶催化合成葡萄糖棕榈酸酯的工艺条件进行研究。在单因素试验基础上,以脂肪酶添加量、底物浓度、底物物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间及分子筛添加量为影响因素,应用二次回归中心组合法进行五因素五水平试验,以葡萄糖棕榈酸酯产率为评价指标,进行响应面分析。结果表明:酶法合成葡萄糖棕榈酸酯的最佳工艺条件为脂肪酶添加量14.67U、底物浓度1.31mol/L、底物物质的量比(棕榈酸:葡萄糖)3.03:1、反应时间6.63h、分子筛添加量0.71g、反应温度45℃、转速150r/min,在此条件下,葡萄糖棕榈酸酯产率实际值为89.72%,与预测值相近。固定化假丝酵母脂肪酶重复使用7次后仍能保持40%的酶活。     

木糖醇月桂酸单酯的酶法制备工艺研究

研究了以木糖醇和月桂酸为原料,在固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435的催化下合成木糖醇月桂酸单酯。考察了酸醇摩尔比、脂肪酶添加量、溶剂添加量、分子筛添加量、反应时间、反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明:最佳反应条件为反应溶剂为叔丁醇、酸醇摩尔比1∶2、溶剂添加量20 m L/mmol(以月桂酸物质的量计)、脂肪酶添加量10 g/L、分子筛添加量80 g/L、反应温度85℃、反应时间4 h,在此条件下月桂酸转化率为91.8%。通过红外光谱和质谱进行结构鉴定,产物为木糖醇月桂酸单酯。     

响应面试验优化单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯的酶法合成工艺

以实验室自制的单半乳糖基甘油和游离棕榈酸为原料,在有机溶剂中以固定化脂肪酶Novozyme 435为催化剂,研究单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯的合成条件。在单因素试验的基础上,以单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯产率为响应值,确定酶添加量、底物物质的量比和反应时间作为影响合成反应的主要因素,进行响应面优化试验。获得单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯的最佳合成条件为：丙酮为反应溶剂,脂肪酶Novozyme 435添加量12.93 mg/mL、底物物质的量比（单半乳糖基甘油-棕榈酸）1.00∶4.49、反应温度55 ℃、反应时间27.60 h,此时单半乳糖基甘油棕榈酸酯产率为90.17%。     

植物甾醇酯制备方法的研究

目的以脂肪酶为催化剂,在有机溶剂中催化月桂酸和植物甾醇合成月桂酸植物甾醇酯。方法筛选出的最佳溶剂为正己烷,最佳的脂肪酶是固定于大孔树脂NKA的假丝酵母脂肪酶(CRL)——固定化酶NKA-CRL。分别以薄层色谱法和气相色谱法为产物定性和定量,以酯化率为考察指标,优选反应温度、酶添加量、底物摩尔比、反应时间等参数。结果在反应温度40℃,酸醇摩尔比2:1,反应时间16 h及酶添加量5%(占底物总质量)的条件下,酯化率达96%,固定化酶NKA-CRL在相同条件下重复催化6次,酯化率仍可维持在80%以上。结论本工艺利用自制的固定化酶,在保证最高转化率的前提下,降低了反应温度,缩短了反应时间,增强了酶的重复利用率。     

高酸值米糠油制备富含甘二酯油脂

研究了高酸值米糠油制备富含甘二酯油脂的工艺,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,影响产物中甘二酯含量的因素依次为底物摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂添加量;通过正交试验得到优化工艺条件为:反应时间4h,反应温度230℃,催化剂添加量0.2%,底物摩尔比1∶1。在该条件下做验证试验,得到产物中甘二酯的含量为46.46%,底物油脂的酸值(KOH)由33.5mg/g降至2.3mg/g。     

杂醇油酶法制备天然等同酯香料的研究

研究了无溶剂体系中杂醇油酶法转化制备天然等同酯香料的影响因素,筛选适宜脂肪酶,优化工艺条件,研究超声处理对酶法制备酯香料的作用.结果表明:在无溶剂体系中固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435 FG的酯化活力高且易回收,乙酸异戊酯产率达到92.62％;除水剂分子筛的加入促进了酯化反应,乙酸加入次数和间隔时间、反应温度和反应时间、摇床转速及超声处理对酯香料的产率均有影响.酶法制备酯香料的较优条件为1.5 mL乙酸分6次加入、间隔时间3 h、反应时间36 h、分子筛添加量2 g、杂醇油3 mL、脂肪酶加入量70 mg、温度45℃、转速140 r/min,其乙酸异戊酯、乙酸异丁酯、乙酸正丙酯的产率分别达到(89.2±0.7)％、(89.3±0.6)％、(76.8±0.9)％,与正己烷反应体系的酯产率接近.在超声频率50 Hz、单位面积超声功率0.5 W/cm2处理6 h时酯香料产率达85％,说明适当超声处理可加速反应进程,显著缩短反应时间,但超声处理的酯香料最终产量和产率未见增加,且长时间超声空化作用造成体系微环境改变,降低了固定化酶稳定性和使用次数.     

酶促高酸价米糠油制备富含甘二酯油脂

甘二酯是油脂的天然成分,其特殊的代谢途径使该物质(尤其是1,3-甘二酯)具有独特生理功能,已广泛应用于食品、医药、化妆品等行业。以高酸价米糠油和甘油为反应底物,在非溶剂体系中对Novozym435酶促高酸价米糠油制备富含甘二酯油脂工艺进行研究,考察底物物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度、酶添加量对甘二酯得率的影响。在单因素试验和响应面试验基础上,得出最佳工艺:底物物质的量比1∶2、反应时间6.5 h、反应温度86℃、酶添加量5.8%;此条件下,甘二酯得率为50.44%,底物油脂酸价由33.5 mg KOH/g油降至3.3 mg KOH/g油。     

酶法催化酯交换制备甘油二酯工艺优化研究

以大豆油和单甘酯为原料,在无溶剂体系中利用固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435催化合成甘油二酯。通过单因素实验和响应面实验研究反应温度、底物摩尔比、反应时间和酶添加量对甘油二酯含量的影响。结果表明:4个因素对甘油二酯含量影响的大小依次为反应温度、反应时间、酶添加量、底物摩尔比;合成甘油二酯的最佳工艺条件为大豆油与单甘酯摩尔比1∶2、酶添加量9%、反应温度83℃、反应时间6. 5 h,在此条件下甘油二酯含量为(51. 2±0. 2)%。     

酶法催化制备富含甘油二酯米糠油的研究

以高酸值米糠油为原料,采用无溶剂体系酶法催化制备富含甘油二酯的米糠油.考察了脂肪酶种类及添加量,酯化剂种类,底物质量比,反应时间,反应温度对甘油二酯含量和游离脂肪酸残余量的影响.通过单因素试验和响应面试验,确定酶法催化酯化的最佳工艺条件为:固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM作为催化剂,油酸甘油一酯作为酯化剂,底物质量比0.25:1,反应温度56℃,反应时间5.75 h,脂肪酶添加量4.77%.在此条件下,产物中甘油二酯含量和游离脂肪酸残余量分别为27.61%和0.25%.     

TiO_2纳米纤维固定化脂肪酶催化合成油酸甘油二脂

以电纺TiO_2纳米纤维为载体固定化脂肪酶,催化米糠油与甘油反应,合成油酸甘油二脂。通过单因素试验,研究了不同反应温度、反应时间、pH、加水量以及有机溶剂对油酸甘油二脂的产率及油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,最优工艺条件为反应温度60℃,反应时间6 h, pH 7.5,初始加水量10%,此条件下油酸甘油二酯的产率最大,以正己烷为溶剂时,油酸的转化率较高。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status