香辛料对咸蛋腌制的影响

本文就香辛料对腌制鸭蛋中食盐、水分和粘度的影响与盐水浸泡法进行了比较研究。结果表明，香辛料有促进盐分向蛋内渗透的作用，腌制15天后蛋白盐分显著高于对照组，但对蛋黄的影响不大。香辛料对蛋的含水量也有影响，在腌制后期，蛋白的含水量明显低于对照组；而蛋黄则相反，其含水量显著高于对照组。香辛料使蛋白粘度下降显著低于对照组。     

几种食品添加剂与香辛料对咸蛋加工的影响

探讨了几种食品添加剂与香辛料对咸蛋加工的影响。结果显示,几种所用食品添加剂与香辛料对蛋内氯化钠的含量有明显提高作用,对蛋内微生物有不同的抑制作用,对咸蛋的蛋黄指数、蛋黄色度没有不利的影响。     

利用香辛料对液蛋中不愉悦风味的脱除研究

目的:研究不同香辛料种类及含量对液蛋中不愉悦风味的脱除效果。方法:将香辛料与液蛋按照一定比例混合制成蛋羹,采用感官评定法和顶空固相微萃-气质联用分析结合,选择去腥效果良好的香辛料并研究加入香辛料后不愉悦挥发性风味成分的变化。结果:分别选取0.2%干姜、0.4%山奈、0.6%小茴香、0.6%肉蔻、0.6%香果的添加量时去腥效果和感官评定综合结果良好;在加入干姜后的鸡蛋中,未检测到胺类化合物,对醛类化合物并未产生影响,同时检测到有部分新化合物生成。结论:该研究为工业化生产无腥味的蛋制品提供一定的参考,以期提升蛋制品的食用率。     

美国低热量蛋黄酱

蛋黄酱是在食用植物油及食醋或桔类果汁中.添加蛋黄、蛋白(或全蛋)、蛋白水解物、食盐、糖类、香辛料、调味品及酸味料,配制而成的粘度在30000cps以上的调味料。蛋黄酱可分为蛋黄型和全蛋型两种。前者仅用蛋黄乳化;后者是在蛋黄中加蛋白,再乳化。表1列出美国蛋黄酱主要成分 表1 美国蛋黄酱主要成分     

香辛料对鸭蛋中主要不愉悦风味成分的影响

目的:研究了不同香辛料对鸭蛋液中不愉悦风味成分的影响。方法:将干姜、山奈、小茴香、肉蔻和香果5种去腥效果较好的香辛料汁与液蛋按照一定比例混合制成蛋羹,采用顶空固相微萃气质联用分析法,研究加入香辛料后的鸭蛋中风味成分的变化。结论:加入香辛料的鸭蛋中胺类化合物9-氨基酸菲(9-菲胺)、苯甲酸类化合物、腈类化合物以及醇类化合物都消失;氨类和醛类物质被香辛料中阈值较低的风味物质掩盖。     

香辛料对发酵香肠风味影响的研究现状

香辛料对发酵香肠的风味具有重要影响,从香辛料成分对发酵香肠风味的影响及香辛料影响微生物而引起风味的改变两个方面阐述了香辛料对发酵香肠风味的影响,并对香辛料在发酵香肠中的作用机理方向进行了展望,旨在为更好地开发研究高品质发酵香肠提供借鉴和参考。     

天然香辛料对叫化鸡中腐败细菌的抑制作用研究

研究肉类加工常用香辛料对叫化鸡产品中典型腐败菌的生长抑制效果。选择13种香辛料,通过平板孔阱法研究香辛料提取物对变质叫化鸡中分离所得的腐败菌的抑制作用,并考察加热处理对抑菌作用稳定性的影响,结果显示香辛料提取物具有广谱且稳定的抑菌作用,原料鸡经香辛料腌制处理后加工的叫化鸡产品在储藏期间菌落总数显著低于未经香辛料腌制的对照组。     

咸蛋渗透传质与品质的研究

影响鸭蛋腌制成熟的一些因素进行正交试验,并从渗透传质的角度对其进行分析,得出影响咸蛋成熟的因素中,磷酸影响较大(在盐的浓度一定时),其次是香辛料,试验证明,香辛料对改善鸭蛋的风味有重要作用。     

电子束辐照对三种香辛料的杀菌效果及香气成分的影响

研究了电子束辐照对八角、桂皮、花椒三种香辛料的杀菌效果及对其色泽、香气成分的影响,实验结果表明:0~15 k Gy剂量的电子束辐照对三种香辛料均有良好的杀菌效果,能延长香辛料的保鲜期,且不影响香辛料的色泽及口感,综合顶空固相微萃取及气质联用技术测定其香气成分实验结果,确定八角、桂皮、花椒辐照杀菌的适宜剂量分别为6、6、9 k Gy。     

影响火锅底料香辛料熬煮出味质量的因素研究

以川渝地区火锅底料中常用的香辛料为实验材料,对影响香辛料熬煮出味质量的因素进行研究。首先通过单因素实验研究单一香辛料不同目数对出味质量的影响,混合香辛料不同颗粒度配比、与水不同比例浸泡对香辛料出味质量和出味速度的影响;然后将单因素实验优化结果与空白组香辛料运用到底料炒制中,对炒制的底料进行感官评价。结果表明,香味浓郁且耐煮的香辛料为山奈、白蔻、八角、广香、丁香,香味较淡且不耐煮的香辛料为香果、白芷、草果、小茴香、砂仁。混合香辛料最佳处理方式为颗粒度范围5≤X≤20目和X20目比例为3∶1,料水比为1∶1.5,且此处理方式能明显提高底料的出味质量。     

盐水法和包灰法腌制咸蛋理化性质的比较

研究了盐水法和包灰法在腌制咸蛋过程中理化品质的变化。结果表明:盐水法腌制的咸蛋黄的DHA含量是包灰法腌制的2倍多,而硬脂酸含量只有包灰法的2/3,其他脂肪酸没有明显差异。两种腌制方法的蛋黄和蛋清蛋白质种类没有差异,咸蛋清主要是相对分子质量为45 000的卵清蛋白,咸蛋黄的相对分子质量为46 000、66 000高密度脂蛋白的载脂蛋白和相对分子质量为100 000的低密度脂蛋白的载脂蛋白。包灰法蛋黄硬化率较高,且盐水法浸油率不如包灰法。包灰法腌制后蛋壳孔比盐水法多且表面粗糙,壳膜纤维直径由于脱水也比盐水法的纤细。两种方法腌制后可以明显看到蛋黄脂蛋白中油脂和载脂蛋白分离,包灰法油脂脱离的更多,蛋白质颗粒直径都在0.2~2μm范围。     

Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

腌制对鸭蛋中油脂品质的影响

以新鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用裹蛋腌制法制备咸鸭蛋。研究了腌制过程中不同腌制时间对咸鸭蛋的蛋黄指数、水分含量,以及对蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量、脂肪酸构成等指标的影响。研究结果表明,随着腌制时间的延长,鸭蛋中的水分含量逐渐降低,而蛋黄指数、蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量逐渐增加。腌制后的鸭蛋中不饱和脂肪酸含量略有降低,而饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸含量略有增加。总体而言,腌制并没有鸭蛋中蛋黄油的食用品质产生严重的影响。     

Changes in chemical composition,physical properties and microstructure of duck egg as influenced by salting

Changes in chemical composition, physical properties and microstructure of duck egg, during salting for up to 14 days, were determined. Duck egg consisted of 10.87% shell, 54.73% egg white and 33.94% yolk. Salting resulted in an increase in weight proportion of egg white, but a decrease in yolk proportion. Moisture contents of both egg white and yolk decreased gradually with concomitant increases in salt and ash contents as the salting time increased. Protein and lipid contents increased slightly in both interior (viscous portion) and exterior (hardened portion) egg yolk with increasing salting time. Oil exudation was observed in yolk, particularly in exterior yolk. Triacylglycerols and phospholipid, found as the major lipids in egg yolk, underwent slight changes, but no differences in protein patterns of either egg white or egg yolk were observed during salting. Hardening ratio and hardness of egg yolk increased with increasing salting time. Adhesiveness and gumminess also increased, while springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess decreased slightly when the salting time increased. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that yolk granule was polyhedral in shape and aligned closely when the salting proceeded. Protein spheres were distributed uniformly, together with oil droplets, in salted yolk, as visualised by transmission electron microscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) micrographs indicated that the greater dehydration and release of lipids took place in egg yolk during salting.     

Effect of salting processes on chemical composition,textural properties and microstructure of duck egg

BACKGROUND: Salted eggs have been produced in Thailand and consumed nationwide. Salted egg can be made by brining eggs in saturated saline or by coating the egg with soil paste mixed with salt. The achievement of salting is generally indicated by the textural development of egg yolk. Yolk property is therefore a prime factor governing consumer acceptability and market demand. The objective of this study was to determine chemical composition, textural properties and microstructure of duck egg obtained from the coating and immersing methods at different salting times. RESULTS: Decreases in moisture content with coincidental increases in salt content in both egg white and yolk were observed during salting, regardless of salting process. However, no difference in salt content was noticeable in yolks (P > 0.05). The paste coating method tended to yield greater oil exudation of egg yolk than the immersing method. Maximum transition temperature (T_max) of egg proteins and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) value in yolk increased with increasing salting time. A similar hardening ratio of yolk was observed in both processes. Higher hardness and adhesiveness were found in yolk with the paste coating method, whereas greater fracturability, springiness, gumminess and chewiness were observed with the immersing method. Nevertheless, both processes rendered the yolk with similar cohesiveness. Yolk granules were aligned closely when salting proceeded, irrespective of salting process. CONCLUSION: Dehydration and release of lipids in egg yolk increased with increasing salting time and were more pronounced with the paste coating method. Therefore salting processes affected the properties of salted eggs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

间歇超声辅助加快咸蛋腌制速度工艺优化

为加快咸蛋腌制速率,缩短腌制周期,本实验通过测定腌制过程中咸蛋含盐率、含水率、蛋黄出油率及蛋清粘度指标的变化,探究超声波技术对咸蛋腌制的影响。通过超声波单因素试验探究超声波处理次数、超声时间、超声功率以及超声频率对超声波辅助咸蛋腌制效果的影响,后由L₉(34)正交实验对间歇超声辅助腌制咸蛋工艺进行优化,由蛋清、蛋黄含盐率以及蛋黄出油率得出最优的间歇超声辅助腌制工艺为:超声波处理3次,超声时间30 min,超声功率350 W,超声频率20 kHz,此工艺相对传统腌制工艺,蛋清含盐率6.37%,蛋黄含盐率1.58%,蛋黄出油率达到57.53%。在保证咸蛋出油率等品质上,与传统工艺相比腌制时间缩短了15~20 d,且蛋白细嫩,咸蛋黄松沙出油,蛋黄外周黑圈等优点。     

脉动压技术腌制鸡蛋工艺优化

为提高咸蛋的腌制速率和食用品质,应用脉动压技术,选取高压幅值、高压与常压时间比为影响因素,通过单因素及正交试验,考察咸蛋腌制中蛋增重率、蛋清含盐量和蛋黄含盐量的变化,对脉动压腌制禽蛋工艺进行优化。结果表明：用饱和食盐溶液腌制48h,传质速率最佳的工艺为高压幅值135kPa、高压与常压时间比7.5min/15min。并对咸蛋品质进行感官评定,最终以高压幅值120kPa、高压与常压时间比为7.5min/15min 所腌制的咸蛋品质最佳。     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析海鸭蛋腌制过程中蛋清挥发性风味物质的变化

通过感官评定、气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry，GC-IMS）以及主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析等多元统计学方法对海鸭蛋腌制过程中蛋清挥发性风味物质的变化进行研究。共鉴定出43 种挥发性有机化合物（volatile organic compounds，VOCs），VOCs的数量由高到低依次为酯类、酮类、醛类、酸类和醇类等。贯穿腌制过程共鉴定出20 种特征性化合物，分别为乙酸乙酯、3-羟基-2-丁酮、正丙醇、异丁酸、醋酸异丙酯、2,3-丁二酮、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、丙酸、2-甲基丁醛、乙酸丙酯、正丁醛、2-丁酮、异丙醇、异戊醛、异丁酸乙酯、四氢呋喃、2-戊酮、正丁醇、异戊醇与反式-2-戊烯醛，其中异丁酸和丙酸是咸蛋清呈现腥味的主要物质。新鲜鸭蛋中2-丁酮含量最高，腌制5 d后，乙酸乙酯成为咸蛋清中含量最高的挥发性化合物，腌制25 d后异丁酸和丙酸的相对比例逐渐升高，正丁醛和异戊醛在腌制过程中相对含量逐渐升高。根据不同阶段的特征风味物质，可以对腌制过程进行明显区分，利用GC-IMS技术对风味物质的鉴定为区分海鸭蛋的特有风味及判断腌制中海鸭蛋的品质变化规律提供了理论参考。     

Effect of Acetic Acid and Commercial Protease Pretreatment on Salting and Characteristics of Salted Duck Egg

Salting of duck egg pretreated with 5% acetic acid and different commercial proteases (flavourzyme, protamex, alcalase, and neutrase) was studied. After 2 weeks of salting, duck eggs soaked in 5% acetic acid for 30 min, followed by soaking in 5% (w/v) flavourzyme and neutrase had the highest hardening ratio (90.14 ± 2.43%, 90.25 ± 1.23%) with the coincidental increase in salt content in egg white and decrease in moisture content of yolk, compared with those from other treatments (p < 0.05). However, similar hardening ratio of the sample treated with alcalase was obtained to that of sample treated with either flavourzyme or neutrase (P > 0.05). After 1 week of salting, protamex showed the similar effect on hardening ratio to other proteases (p > 0.05). When eggs were pretreated with neutrase at different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%, w/v) for different times (30, 60, and 90 min), those pretreated with 0.25% (w/v) neutrase for 90 min had the shorter salting time, while soaking time did not have the impact on hardening ratio for egg treated with 0.5% and 0.75% neutrase (P > 0.05). The oil exudation of egg treated with 0.25% neutrase had the higher oil exudates than the control at week 2 and 3 of salting (P < 0.05). Treatment of neutrase had no impact on viscosity of egg white, regardless of salting time (P > 0.05). Microstructure study revealed that shell of salted egg pretreated with acetic acid had rough and porous surfaces when compared with control, whereas no changes in microstructure and FTIR spectra of shell membrane were found. Therefore, pretreatment of egg with 5% acetic acid for 30 min, followed by 0.25% neutrase for 90 min prior to salting could expedite the salting process and yielded egg yolk with hardening ratio and oil exudates, comparable to the traditionally salted egg.     

盐水浸泡腌制过程中鸭蛋壳裂的成因

研究了用盐水浸泡法腌制过程中,鸭蛋盐分含量、蛋重、蛋壳比重、蛋壳厚度、气孔数、气室直径、单位面积蛋壳脆性、强度和蛋壳截面微观结构的变化。结果表明,5周内,随着盐分含量的增加,鸭蛋重从61.85 g增加至63.16 g;蛋壳比重、蛋壳厚度均无明显变化,气室直径稍有变化;气孔数从24.93个/0.25 cm2减少至10.40个/0.25 cm2;蛋壳脆性和强度分别从445.2N和1461.2N降至240.6N和446.1N;蛋壳强度从44.504 N降至34.452 N。鸭蛋蛋壳比重低于10%、蛋壳厚度低于0.355 mm、蛋形指数在1.380～1.460低强度范围内腌制期间易裂壳。腌制5周后,蛋壳截面纹路多、有不规则断层;裂壳蛋的壳截面显粗糙、有不规则断裂,乳突排列不均,壳膜结构松散。鸭蛋壳裂的产生是由新鲜鸭蛋壳质量决定,盐水腌制破坏了蛋壳的微观结构和脆性、强度,并对壳裂起到了促进作用。