苹果泥加工及储藏过程中6种农药残留变化

目的 明确苹果泥加工及储藏过程中多菌灵、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑残留变化规律。方法 通过实验室模拟加工和加速储藏实验, 采用液相色谱-质谱法检测其中多菌灵、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的残留变化。结果 建立的检测方法中, 6种农药回收率范围为80.48%~114.58%, 相对标准偏差为2.08%~6.43%, 检出限为0.10~1.25 μg/kg, 定量限为0.50~5.00 μg/kg。苹果泥加工过程中清洗步骤农药残留浓度降低12.93%~38.87%, 预煮步骤农药残留浓度降低24.61%~58.16%, 而巴氏杀菌步骤农药残留浓度略有增加(P>0.05)。加速储藏过程中6种农药残留浓度均降低, 其中咪鲜胺在加速储藏14 d后未检出。苹果泥加工全程及储藏过程中6种农药的加工因子均小于1。结论 研究结果可为苹果泥中农药最大残留限量制定及消费者安全膳食引导提供参考, 获得的加工因子可用于食品安全风险评估, 提升风险评估结果的准确性。     

超高效液相色谱法-串联质谱法快速测定绿茶中56种农药残留

建立了绿茶中56种农药残留的超高效液相色谱法-串联质谱法(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)快速检测方法。样品采用乙腈提取后,浓缩提取物用Cleanet-TPT柱净化,多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)测定,外标法定量。56种农药在0.005 mg/L~0.200 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.990,方法的检测下限为0.005 mg/kg,在添加浓度为0.005 mg/kg~0.100 mg/kg时回收率为71.28%~125.00%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为1.23%~12.34%(n=6)。该方法能够满足绿茶中的56种农药残留的检测要求。     

桃胶中多农药残留分析及风险评估

目的:研究桃胶中农药残留及风险。方法:基于液相色谱—串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)建立桃胶中44种农药残留的定量分析方法,并对全国173份桃胶样品进行农药残留检测和风险评估分析。结果:基于LC-MS/MS农药残留检测方法的检出限(LOD)为0.05～1.80μg/kg,定量下限(LOQ)为0.20～2.42μg/kg,加标回收率为61.77%～119.48%。桃胶样品中共检出22种农药,农药总检出率为98.8%,平均每个样品检出农药次数为2.8次,苯醚甲环唑检出率最高(95%),其次是毒死蜱(54%)、多菌灵(34%)、呋虫胺(32%)、吡唑醚菌酯(19%)等。不同桃胶样品中苯醚甲环唑平均残留量最高为0.332 mg/kg,其次是呋虫胺(0.093 mg/kg)、多菌灵(0.061 mg/kg)、毒死蜱(0.033 mg/kg)。结论:桃胶中农药的残留与桃生产用药有关,其残留量总体处于低风险水平,推荐8—10月份采摘桃胶。     

6种杀虫剂在上海青中的残留消解动态及膳食风险评估

目的评价蔬菜生产中6种常用杀虫剂5%啶虫脒乳油、15%哒螨灵水乳剂、20%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂、30%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂、22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂在十字花科蔬菜上海青中的残留消解动态,评估其膳食摄入风险。方法于2018年4~10月在福州采用喷雾的施药方法进行了6种药剂在上海青上的残留试验,通过超高效液相-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)检测6种药剂在上海青中的残留量,并对6种药剂可能产生的膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果 6种杀虫剂在上海青中的回收率在90.8%~99.6%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)在1.1%~3.7%;啶虫脒、哒螨灵、溴氰虫酰胺、唑虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈、乙基多杀菌素在上海青中的降解半衰期为分别为3.6、6.2、3.6、4.6、1.7和2.9 d。用药后1~14 d,啶虫脒、哒螨灵、溴氰虫酰胺和乙基多杀菌素在上海青中的残留量均分别低于其定量限;唑虫酰胺和氟啶虫胺腈在上海青中的最高残留量分别为0.5136 mg/kg和1.4488 mg/kg;6种药剂在上海青中残留的风险商值(risk quotient, RQ)均<1。结论 6种药剂在上海青中的最终残留均低于我国在《食品中农药最大残留限量》中规定的其在蔬菜(叶菜类)中最高残留限量(maximum residue limits, MRLs), 6种药剂的膳食暴露风险较低,残留处于安全水平。     

UPLC-MS/MS与HPLC测定茶叶中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的比较

比较了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)与高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定茶叶中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,氨基固相萃取柱净化,HPLC和UPLC-MS/MS测定。结果表明,在相同的前处理条件下,两种方法均具有较好的准确度和精密度,UPLC-MS/MS法在0.01~0.1mg/kg添加水平下回收率为75.2%~115.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.4%~16.7%。HPLC法在0.05~1.0mg/kg添加水平下回收率为82.7%~120.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%~12.9%。UPLC-MS/MS法相对于HPLC法有更高的灵敏度,10种氨基甲酸酯类农药在UPLC-MS/MS上检出限为0.02~0.3μg/kg,HPLC法检出限为3~7.5μg/kg;其高灵敏度和选择性,使其更适于多农药残留同时检测和微量残留检测。     

液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱法测定苹果中 腈苯唑农药残留

目的 为加强我国苹果中腈苯唑农药残留的监控,保护我国苹果在国际贸易中的合理地位,建立了苹果中腈苯唑的液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定方法。方法 样品经乙腈提取,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱下进行测定。结果 目标物在0.005~0.50 mg/L范围内成线性,相关系数r>0.99,空白样品中分析物在添加浓度为0.01、0.02、0.05 mg/kg时,平均回收率为89.6%~93.0%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~7.9%,定量限为0.01 mg/kg。结论 本方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确度好,能满足农残检测分析的要求。     

QuEChERS-气相色谱串联质谱法同时测定番茄中46种农药残留

建立一种QuEChERS结合气相色谱-串联质谱同时检测番茄中46种杀菌剂和杀虫剂残留的分析方法。样品用乙腈提取,经PSA、C₁₈、无水MgSO₄净化,HP-5MS色谱柱分离,采用多反映监测（MRM）模式检测,基质匹配外标法定量。结果表明,46种农药在0.005～0.500 μg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好（R2>0.999）,方法检出限和定量限分别在0.07～2.63 μg/kg和0.21～8.39 μg/kg之间;在0.0025、0.025、0.25 mg/kg的加标水平下,46种农药化合物平均加标回收率在70.40%～115.08%范围内,相对标准偏差为0.22%～4.89%。50批次番茄样品中9批次检出毒死蜱和嘧菌酯残留,含量范围在0.0043～0.0365 mg/kg,均未超出GB 2763-2021标准规定的限量值。本方法快速、简单、灵敏、准确,能够满足番茄中多农药残留的检测。     

呋虫胺及其代谢物在稻米中的低温储藏稳定性研究

建立测定稻米样品中呋虫胺及其代谢产物残留的液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测方法,对-18℃储藏条件下0~180 d的稻米储藏样品进行分析,考察呋虫胺及其代谢产物在稻米中的储藏稳定性。方法 样品经乙腈提取后,采用QuEChERS方法净化,以0.1%甲酸-乙腈混合溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,多反应监测（multiple reaction monitoring, MRM）扫描模式,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。结果 本方法在0.0005~0.5000 mg/L范围内线性响应良好,呋虫胺及其2种代谢产物在0.05、0.5、1和5 mg/kg添加水平的平均回收率为73.8%~103.1%,相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation, RSD）为0.53%~7.94% (n=5), 方法定量限为0.05 mg/kg。-18 ℃储藏条件下稻米样品中呋虫胺及其2种代谢物的平均降解率均未超过30%。结论 该方法能够满足农药残留检测要求,适用于稻米中呋虫胺及其代谢物残留量分析。-18 ℃条件下呋虫胺其2种代谢物在稻米样品中的储藏稳定期至少为180 d。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测大米中5种农药残留

目的明确贵阳市大中型生活超市散售大米中5种农药的残留情况。方法通过样品前处理方法的筛选,建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定大米中仲丁灵、戊唑醇、甲氧虫酰肼、嘧菌酯和茚虫威5种农药残留的分析检测方法。样品经1.0%乙酸乙腈提取分离,PSA净化,采用UHPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。结果 5种农药在0.001~0.50 mg/L质量浓度范围内,峰面积与对应的质量浓度间有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;5种农药在0.002、 0.01、 0.1和1.0mg/kg水平下的平均回收率为88%~111%,相对标准偏差分别为0.45%~9.33%(n=5),方法定量限均为0.002mg/kg。结论本方法满足农药残留检测分析要求,适用5种农药在大米中的多残留准确定性和定量分析。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定噻虫嗪在芥菜叶和芥菜根中的残留和消解动态研究

目的 建立QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定芥菜叶和芥菜根中噻虫嗪残留的分析方法, 并研究田间试验条件下噻虫嗪在芥菜叶和芥菜根中的残留及消解动态。方法 样品经乙腈涡旋提取, QuEChERS(Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safty)方法净化后, 采用UPLC-MS/MS测定, 外标法定量分析。结果 噻虫嗪在0.002~1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数r=0.9999, 方法检出限(limit of detection, LOD, S/N=3)为0.001 mg/kg, 定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)为0.005 mg/kg。在0.005、0.1、1.0 mg/kg的添加水平下, 噻虫嗪在芥菜叶中的回收率为81%~111%, 相对标准偏差为2%~10%; 噻虫嗪在芥菜根中的回收率为70%~104%, 相对标准偏差为2%~10%。测得噻虫嗪在芥菜叶和芥菜根上残留量分别为<0.005~1.56 mg/kg和0.005~0.16 mg/kg, 小于中国规定的最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL)5 mg/kg(芥菜叶)和0.3 mg/kg(芥菜根)。在芥菜上使用噻虫嗪, 有效剂量为30 g a.i./hm2, 施药2次时, 不会造成其在芥菜叶和芥菜根中残留超标的风险。结论 该方法简单、准确、实用性强, 适用于芥菜叶和芥菜根中噻虫嗪的定量分析。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。