肠道菌群与肠道内营养物质代谢的相互作用

通过综述肠道菌群与宿主代谢相互联系,及综合解析肠道菌群与宿主肠道内包括碳水化合物代谢、脂类代谢、蛋白质代谢、矿物质代谢、维生素代谢等营养物质代谢这两大方面内容,为人们了解、认识肠道菌群与宿主的代谢相互作用提供依据,且通过这些理论依据为动物肠道菌群的研究提供有利参考,可有效提高动物益生菌生产制剂企业的经济效益。     

肠道菌群与食物过敏性疾病研究进展

食物过敏作为食品安全的热点问题在全球引起了广泛关注,食物过敏发病率的不断增加与肠道菌群结构和功能的变化密切相关。生活环境和膳食结构的改变、抗生素的使用等诸多因素都可引起肠道菌群失衡,而肠道菌群丰度和多样性的变化可导致肠道菌群与宿主免疫系统相互作用的变化,从而破坏口服耐受增加食物过敏的发病率。近年来随着肠道菌群-宿主相互作用等相关研究的不断深入,调整肠道菌群结构为过敏性疾病的防治提供了新的思路,因而益生菌在预防和治疗食物过敏中的作用开始备受关注。本文首先从细胞和分子水平总结了口服耐受和食物过敏的产生的相关机理,进一步综述了目前对于肠道菌群通过与宿主黏膜免疫系统相互作用调节食物过敏的相关机制研究,并探讨益生菌防治食物过敏的潜在机理,以期为益生菌在预防和治疗食物过敏中的应用提供理论依据。     

益生菌缓解肥胖形成相关机制及研究进展

肥胖及相关代谢综合征已成为世界范围内的公共健康问题。研究表明,肠道菌群与肥胖的形成密切相关,肠道菌群失调导致脂代谢紊乱、肠道通透性及氧化应激等改变。益生菌(主要包括乳酸菌和双歧杆菌)是一类能对宿主生理功能产生有益作用的微生物,能在肠道中存活并定殖,改善肠道菌群紊乱,进一步缓解肥胖的形成。本文主要围绕益生菌对肥胖的干预作用及相关机制进行综述,以为肥胖相关的研究提供参考。     

益生菌发酵乳辅助调节机体健康的研究进展

益生菌发酵乳是益生菌的重要载体，可通过改善宿主肠道微生物菌群的平衡，促进有益成分代谢增强发酵乳的营养健康属性。文章阐述了益生菌发酵乳在改善肠道功能、调节机体免疫、辅助治疗代谢性疾病、改善神经系统疾病等方面的辅助功效，并对益生菌发酵乳的发展方向进行了展望。     

益生菌通过肠道菌群控制肥胖机制的研究进展

肥胖是由于新陈代谢功能失调而引起的体内脂肪过量堆积,可能会导致机体动脉粥样硬化、胰岛素抵抗和血脂异常等各种代谢综合征的出现。肥胖是威胁现代社会健康与经济发展的一个重要因素,预防与治疗肥胖一直以来都是研究热点。目前,已经有一些肠道菌群抑制肥胖症的机制被报道。然而,由于肠道微生物组成的复杂性,哪一种微生物群落与肥胖直接相关仍然是有待研究的。本综述中,以肥胖患者肠道菌群结构组成的改变为切入点,进一步阐述肠道菌群的生理功能与肥胖发生机制的密切联系。对国内外相关研究进展归纳,总结得出益生菌可直接影响肥胖患者肠道中炎症细胞因子水平与代谢产物,或调节肠道菌群平衡达到重塑肥胖宿主代谢的目的。因此,采用益生菌与益生元治疗将成为预防与治疗肥胖的新方向。     

益生菌与肠道菌群、免疫调节的相互作用与机制研究进展

益生菌在改善宿主肠道微生态平衡、提高宿主健康水平和健康状态等方面发挥有益作用。其主要通过调理肠道微生物群、参与多种疾病的免疫调节,从而改善胃肠道生理机能来影响宿主健康。益生菌在预防和治疗胃肠道疾病等方面具有相当大的潜力,需要对其与肠道菌群、免疫调节的相互作用机制更深入的了解。本文对益生菌在肠道的分布与定植、益生菌对肠道菌群和肠道功能的调控作用以及益生菌与免疫调节的关系做了简单论述,以期为今后益生菌与肠道菌群互作研究以及益生菌的临床应用提供参考。     

以肠道菌群为靶点的海藻多糖干预代谢综合征的研究进展

海藻多糖作为一类具有生物活性的膳食纤维，被用作益生元来改善慢性代谢性疾病，而肠道菌群是海藻多糖发挥功效的潜在靶点。肠道菌群在调控宿主的健康、营养、代谢和免疫稳态等方面起着关键作用。多种海藻多糖不能被人体内消化酶降解，但可以被肠道菌群降解和发酵，产生短链脂肪酸(SCFAs),作为肠道微生物的能量来源，并通过调节菌群结构与宿主肠道稳态，影响肠道微生态环境。此外，SCFAs和肠道菌群的改变与代谢疾病的发生发展密切相关。本文综述了海藻多糖与肠道菌群的相互作用以及对代谢综合征的影响的研究进展。     

益生菌对糖尿病干预作用的研究进展

糖尿病是一种多因素引起的慢性代谢性疾病,高发病率、致残率及致死率使其成为21世纪威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一。研究表明肠道菌群与糖尿病的形成发展密切相关,肠道菌群失调可导致肠道通透性增加、系统性炎症及氧化应激反应,从而促进糖尿病的形成与发展。然而,益生菌可通过调节宿主肠道菌群、降低氧化应激及平衡免疫功能,从而对糖尿病产生干预作用。本文主要围绕糖尿病人肠道菌群特点以及益生菌对糖尿病的干预作用进行综述,以期为糖尿病的相关研究提供参考。     

肠道菌群代谢产物短链脂肪酸与抑郁症关系的研究进展

随着生物医学的快速发展,系列研究表明抑郁症与肠道微生物间存在密切联系,抑郁症患者通常伴随着肠道菌群种类、相对丰度及其代谢产物的改变。肠道菌群代谢产物短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids,SCFA）是联系宿主和肠道菌群的重要中介物质,具有生物学效应,对宿主的生理功能产生影响。近年来,基于短链脂肪酸防治抑郁症的研究一直是该领域的研究热点,短链脂肪酸在肠道中的含量变化影响着抑郁症的发生发展。本文主要综述了SCFA对抑郁症的可能作用机制（调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、影响色氨酸代谢以及减轻炎症反应）和外源干预抑郁症治疗的可能途径（食用益生菌、益生元和粪便菌群移植）,以期为开发新型抑郁症治疗药物提供理论参考。     

多酚通过肠道菌群调节能量代谢研究进展

多酚是一类植物次生代谢产物,广泛存在于人类膳食中,一般可分为3大类：酚酸类、聚合单宁类和黄酮类。多酚以及其被肠道菌群代谢的产物,能选择性调节肠道中易感微生物的生长,选择性的促进有益菌群(如乳酸菌)生长,抑制有害菌的增殖,也即引发肠道微生态的改变。这种改变对宿主产生重要影响,对宿主能量代谢的影响可能通过如下实现：1)肠道内微生物数量和种类的变化,改变微生物代谢及产酶的种类和数量;2)多酚代谢产物还可与细菌细胞表面作用,抑制酶的活性,从而影响能量代谢,减少脂肪沉积;3)多酚通过干预人体肠道菌群调整能量代谢,为预防和治疗肥胖及相关性疾病提供了新的研究思路。本文对多酚调整肠道菌群从而影响肥胖发生的作用机制进行了综述。     

Prevention of infections by probiotics

'Viable bacteria that exhibit beneficial effects for health based on improvement of balance of intestinal bacterial flora' was the most common definition of probiotics, but the diversity of their action mechanisms, including immune regulation, has been clarified, and probiotics have recently been broadly defined as 'live microorganisms which when administered in adequet amounts confer a health benefit on the host'. Coined words such as prebiotics, describing non-digestible food fiber components that contribute to host health by activating proliferation and function of beneficial intestinal bacteria, and synbiotics, describing a combination of probiotics and prebiotics have also been established as medical expressions. In this report, clinical studies of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on prevention of infection by various infectious diseases in humans are reviewed. The effects of and action mechanisms against sporadic intestinal infectious diseases that are difficult to investigate in humans (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Salmonellosis) in experimental animal models are also reviewed. Finally, points necessary for clarification of the role of probiotics in health care, and their functions in health care foods are discussed.     

Intake of Pro- and/or Prebiotics as a Promising Approach for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer, posing a serious threat to human life. It is widely believed that dietary factors may be crucial modifiers of CRC risk, with pro-and/or prebiotics being especially promising. In this review, a synthesis of CRC prevention and treatment of strategies relying on usage of pro- and/or prebiotics supplements is given, as well as discuss mechanisms underlying the contribution of pro-and/or prebiotics to the suppression of colonic carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a framework for personalizing such supplements according to the composition of an individual's gut microbiome is suggested. Various factors including diversity of one's intestinal microflora, integrity of their intestinal barrier, and the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic/genotoxic and beneficial compounds are known to have a prominent influence on the development of CRC; thus, clarifying the role of pro- and/or prebiotics will yield valuable insight toward optimizing interventions for enhanced patient outcomes in the future.     

益生菌、益生元的研究发展新动向

人们已确定的知道人体的结肠微生物区对健康有着极大的影响.自从引入益生菌和益生元的概念后,关于人体肠微生物区组成的观点产生了极大的变化.对于科学家特别是细菌学家来讲,详细研究复杂的细菌群落一直是个巨大的挑战.预期用抽样法研究肠微生物群将会更加成熟并广泛应用于此项研究.以核酸为基础的分析方法目前是研究肠微生物区系的基本工具.应用先进的分子技术,使点查和鉴定结肠细菌的种类以及族系级别成为可能.目前正在对第二代益生元的概念展开广泛研究.了解内脏生态系统的作用机制以及处于内脏生态系统中的细菌的作用机制对于益生菌和益生元将来的发展极为重要.     

Prebiotics, synbiotics and inflammatory bowel disease

The normal colonic microflora is intimately involved in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). These conditions are often refractile to conventional treatments involving the employment of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs, and this has led to a search for alternative therapies based on the use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. The majority of investigations in this area have been done with probiotics, and while there is increasing interest in the abilities of prebiotics and synbiotics to control the symptoms of IBD, very few randomised controlled trials have been reported. Although the results have been variable, human and animal studies have demonstrated that in many circumstances, these functional foods can alter the composition of the colonic microbiota, reduce inflammatory processes in the gut mucosa, and have the potential to induce disease remission. More work is needed to understand the effects of prebiotics and synbiotics on microbial communities in the gut, and their interactions with the host's immune system.     

益生菌与益生元对人体肠道正常菌群的调节作用

为了解益生菌与益生元对人体肠道菌群的调节作用，选择符合试验要求的成年志愿者，分别食用益生菌和益生元，其中益生菌组150人，益生元组200人，男女各半。结果表明：益生菌与益生元均可增加人体肠道内的双歧杆菌和乳杆菌：均可使肠道内肠杆菌数量下降。但益生菌组双歧杆菌和乳杆菌增加的数量及肠杆菌和拟杆菌降低的数量均高于益生元组，说明在该试验条件下，益生菌组的效果要好于益生元组。     

Overview of the Mechanistic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Cancer Chemoprevention

Despite of strides in modern cancer therapeutic strategies, there has not been a successful cure for it until now and prognostic side effects and substantial toxicity to chemotherapy and subsequent homeostatic imbalance remains a major concern for professionals in this field. The significance of the human microbiome in the pathogenesis of cancer is being recognized, documented, and established worldwide. Probiotics and prebiotics are some of the most extensively researched approaches to modulate the microbiota for therapeutic purposes, and research on their potential to prevent and treat cancer has sparked an immense amount of interest. The characteristics of probiotics and prebiotics allow for an array of efficient applications in cancer preventive measures. Probiotics can also be administered coupled with chemotherapy and surgery to alleviate their side effects and help promote the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs. Besides showing promising results they are accompanied by potential risks and controversies that may eventually result in clinical repercussions. This review emphasizes the mechanistic potential and oncosuppressive effects of probiotic and prebiotics through maintenance of intestinal barrier function, modifying innate immune system, immunomodulation, intestinal microbiota metabolism, inhibition of host cell proliferation, preventing pathogen colonization, and exerting selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells.     

乳酸菌合生元的研究进展

合生元（synbiotics）是由益生菌（probiotics）和益生元（prebiotics）组成的微生物制剂,可同时具有益生菌和益生元的作用,并以肠道为靶点位置发挥益生功能。乳酸菌（lactic acid bacteria,LAB）是肠道中最重要的益生菌成员,无论是用于商品化生产,还是用于基础研究,LAB是最广泛用于制备合生元的益生菌组分。本文重点阐述互补型和协同型合生元的作用机制以及研究进展,LAB合生元中常用的益生菌和益生元组分,以及LAB合生元在调节肠道菌群结构、提高机体免疫水平、抗肿瘤、抗术后感染等领域中的应用。本文为后续LAB合生元的深入研究及应用提供理论基础。     

低聚半乳糖的生理功能研究进展

低聚半乳糖作为一种益生元越来越受到人们的关注,在功能性食品方面应用越加广泛。低聚半乳糖能够在肠道内选择性增殖益生菌发酵生成短链脂肪酸,与肠道微生物协同参与生理功能机制调节,在保障肠道健康、免疫系统调节、抑制肿瘤细胞生成、改善人体矿物质吸收、改善心血管疾病等机制方面发挥重要的作用。本文从分子水平出发,全面剖析了低聚半乳糖及其代谢产物短链脂肪酸在维持肠道微生物平衡、抵抗肠道病毒感染、免疫机制调节、结直肠癌的抑制、脂质代谢的调节及血糖水平控制等功效方面的作用机理。为低聚半乳糖在功能性食品开发及健康保健领域的应用提供参考。     

Effectiveness of probiotics,prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components in common functional foods

The bioactive ingredients in commonly consumed foods include, but are not limited to, prebiotics, prebiotic‐like components, probiotics, and postbiotics. The bioactive ingredients in functional foods have also been associated with beneficial effects on human health. For example, they aid in shaping of gut microflora and promotion of immunity. These functional components also contribute in preventing serious diseases such as cardiovascular malfunction and tumorigenesis. However, the specific mechanisms of these positive influences on human health are still under investigation. In this review, we aim to emphasize the major contents of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components commonly found in consumable functional foods, and we present an overview of direct and indirect benefits they provide on human health. The major contributors are certain families of metabolites, specifically short‐chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by probiotics, and prebiotics, or prebiotic‐like components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins that are found in functional foods. These functional ingredients in foods influence the gut microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial microbes and the production of beneficial metabolites that, in turn, have direct benefits to the host, while also providing protection from pathogens and maintaining a balanced gut ecosystem. The complex interactions that arise among functional food ingredients, human physiology, the gut microbiota, and their respective metabolic pathways have been found to minimize several factors that contribute to the incidence of chronic disease, such as inflammation oxidative stress.     

乳酸菌代谢低聚果糖/菊粉途径及机理的研究进展

合生元又称合生素,指益生元与益生菌结合使用的生物制剂（微生态制剂）,近年来,越来越多研究表明合生元具有多种益处,益生元和益生菌的选择对其最终效果起着至关重要的作用。低聚果糖和菊粉是合生元中常见的益生元,可被肠道内的乳酸菌选择性吸收,通过促进益生菌增殖的方式来改善机体健康。本文综述了乳酸菌对低聚果糖和菊粉的代谢差异及代谢途径,并从分子水平阐述水解酶、转运系统、调控蛋白的作用机制,以期为探明乳酸菌调控低聚果糖和菊粉的代谢网络提供依据;同时总结了近年来低聚果糖/菊粉合生元的应用,为益生元与益生菌的进一步联用提供参考。