谷氨酰胺转移酶对明胶-CaCO3矿物质膜成膜性的影响

本实验通过向明胶-碳酸钙矿物质膜中添加谷氨酰胺转移酶（TGase）,研究了谷氨酰胺转移酶对明胶-碳酸钙矿物质膜特性的影响,对谷氨酰胺转移酶处理前后样品进行厚度、质构、水溶性、水蒸气透过系数、扫描电镜（SEM）、流变性、差示热量扫描（DSC）等方法表征。研究结果表明：在成膜溶液中加入谷氨酰胺转移酶（6 U/g）可以使矿物质膜的厚度增加19.69%、成膜液凝胶强度增加17.24%、膜的抗拉强度增加28.05%、断裂伸长率增加21.27%,而水溶性和水蒸气透过率没有显著改变;扫描电镜表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶交联的矿物质膜表面和断面与不加谷氨酰胺转移酶的矿物质膜相比更加粗糙;流变性结果表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶加入后成膜溶液的粘度显著增加;差示热量扫描表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶催化明胶-碳酸钙矿物膜产生了交联。     

超声处理对转谷氨酰胺酶交联乳清分离蛋白的结构特性和凝胶保水性的影响

本文研究了超声处理(20 kHz,400 W,0、10、20、30、40 min)对转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)交联乳清分离蛋白(WPI)的分子量分布、粒径分布、荧光强度、表面疏水性和凝胶保水性的影响。结果表明,TGase交联WPI后生成了分子量约为120 kDa的大分子聚合物,且聚合物的量随着超声处理时间的增加而逐渐增加;TGase交联WPI后的荧光强度高于未交联的WPI,且荧光强度随着超声处理时间的增加而增大;TGase交联后WPI的表面疏水性增大,且随着超声处理时间的延长,表面疏水性逐渐升高。此外,WPI的粒径随着超声处理而减小,但TGase交联后WPI的粒径明显高于未交联的WPI。TGase交联后WPI的凝胶保水性呈上升趋势,并且随着超声时间的延长而逐渐升高。因此,TGase交联WPI可以改变WPI的结构,增强其凝胶保水性。     

基于谷氨酰胺转胺酶催化交联的羊毛角蛋白成膜性能的研究

采用谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TGase)催化羊毛角蛋白发生交联反应,探讨了酶用量、成膜溶液的pH值、温度、处理时间对羊毛角蛋白膜抗拉强度及断裂伸长率的影响,并考察了酶促交联反应对羊毛角蛋白膜在水中稳定性的影响。借助电泳(SDS-PAGE)对TGase催化羊毛角蛋白交联反应引起蛋白质相对分子质量的变化进行表征。研究结果表明,TGase催化羊毛角蛋白发生交联反应提高了其成膜的抗拉强度和稳定性,降低了膜的断裂伸长率。较好的工艺条件为:酶用量30 U/g角蛋白,成膜pH值为7.5,温度40℃,时间18 h左右。SDS-PAGE结果表明,羊毛角蛋白在TGase的催化作用下发生共价交联形成了相对分子质量更大的蛋白聚合物。     

化学交联与酶法交联对鱼糜-明胶复合膜性质的影响

研究比较了戊二醛和谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)对鱼糜-明胶复合膜的性质改良效果。当戊二醛的含量为蛋白质量的0.025%～0.1%时,膜的抗拉伸强度(TS)没有显著差异,但断裂延伸率(EAB)却随着戊二醛含量的增加而上升,当戊二醛含量增加到0.2%时,TS和EAB都出现了下降。然而,膜的TS和EAB都随着TGase的添加逐渐增加。虽然戊二醛和TGase都可以使蛋白发生交联,导致膜的固形物溶解率(FS)和蛋白溶解率(PS)下降,但是戊二醛的添加效果明显优于TGase。此外,戊二醛的添加会使膜的颜色变黄,而TGase不仅不会影响膜的色泽,还可以提高膜的透明性能。根据SDS-PAGE的结果,发现戊二醛和TGase都会使膜中蛋白分子发生交联形成高分子聚合物。FT-IR的分析结果表明,蛋白分子间的氢键作用随着TGase的添加逐渐减弱,随着戊二醛的添加出现先减弱后增强的趋势。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶催化交联对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性影响的研究进展

在肉类工业中,谷氨酰胺转氨酶（transglutaminase,TGase）作为一种高效的蛋白质交联剂,能够在改变肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）分子结构的基础上改善其热诱导凝胶特性,进而提升肉制品的品质。与此同时,交联度（degree of cross-linking,DCL）是表征TGase催化交联效果的最重要的指标,其对于分析TGase的共价交联作用对MP构象、理化性质和凝胶特性的影响尤为重要。因此,本文系统综述了TGase催化MP共价交联过程中DCL的影响因素,同时深度解析外源添加物和新型加工技术影响TGase催化交联效果的分子作用机制。旨在建立TGase调控下的MP“结构修饰-分子机制-品质改善”之间的相互关系,以期为构建新型肉制品提供创新性理论和技术支持。     

转谷氨酰胺酶交联大豆分离蛋白结构表征

为研究转谷氨酰胺酶（transglutaminase,TGase）交联大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）对SPI分子结构的影响,采用差示扫描量热仪、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、红外光谱、圆二色谱等对TGase交联SPI前后二级结构的变化进行分析。结果表明：交联后SPI表面疏水性增强,自由氨基含量降低,结构和微观晶体结构均发生变化,结构由球形结构变成凹陷孔状,多肽链充分伸展,空间结构改变,结晶度降低;β-折叠含量升高,有序度更高,无规卷曲结构含量相对较低;利用氨基酸全自动分析仪测定氨基酸含量,交联后必需氨基酸含量提高了5.5%,疏水性氨基酸含量提高了14.5%,表明交联后提高了SPI营养价值,改善SPI的表面疏水性。     

多糖对酶法改性大豆蛋白膜性能的影响

研究了四种多糖-果胶、卡拉胶、魔芋胶及黄原胶对TGase改性SPI膜性能的影响.在成膜溶液中分别加入果胶、卡拉胶、魔芋胶或黄原胶(0.1～0.4g/100mL),随着多糖浓度的增加,SPI膜的TS值和接触角明显增加,而EB值和透光率明显下降.实验结果证实,利用TGase改善SPI膜特性(尤其是机械特性)时,多糖能抑制TGase诱导的聚沉反应,使TGase催化的交联反应始终发生在一个均相的体系中,因而取得比较好的效果.     

增塑剂对大豆蛋白可食膜特性的影响

研究了增塑剂对大豆分离蛋白膜(热法成膜和酶法成膜)成膜特性的影响。增塑剂的种类(甘油、山梨醇或甘油山梨醇的等量混合物)对大豆分离蛋白膜的性能有明显影响。无论是否添加谷氨酰胺转移酶(TGase)，以山梨醇为增塑剂的膜都具有最高的抗拉强度、表面疏水性和总可溶性物量，最低的断裂伸长率、水分含量和透光率。TGase处理SPI(4U／g．蛋白)，可显著改善蛋白膜的抗拉强度和表面疏水性，抗拉强度和表面疏水性分别比对照膜增加10％～20％和17％～56％(P≤0.05)；同时也明显降低了(P≤0.05)膜的断裂伸长率、水分含量、总可溶性物量及透光率。     

谷氨酰胺转移酶对明胶-CaCO3矿物质膜成膜性的影响

本实验通过向明胶-碳酸钙矿物质膜中添加谷氨酰胺转移酶(TGase),研究了谷氨酰胺转移酶对明胶-碳酸钙矿物质膜特性的影响,对谷氨酰胺转移酶处理前后样品进行厚度、质构、水溶性、水蒸气透过系数、扫描电镜(SEM)、流变性、差示热量扫描(DSC)等方法表征。研究结果表明:在成膜溶液中加入谷氨酰胺转移酶(6 U/g)可以使矿物质膜的厚度增加19.69%、成膜液凝胶强度增加17.24%、膜的抗拉强度增加28.05%、断裂伸长率增加21.27%,而水溶性和水蒸气透过率没有显著改变;扫描电镜表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶交联的矿物质膜表面和断面与不加谷氨酰胺转移酶的矿物质膜相比更加粗糙;流变性结果表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶加入后成膜溶液的粘度显著增加;差示热量扫描表明,谷氨酰胺转移酶催化明胶-碳酸钙矿物膜产生了交联。     

酶法交联对花生分离蛋白理化与功能特性的影响

采用转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)对花生分离蛋白(PPI)进行交联改性,比较了TGase在37℃下催化不同时间(0～240min)对PPI理化与功能特性的影响。结果表明,TGase可促使PPI亚基发生改变并形成高分子聚合物,同时使PPI的游离巯基含量降低,表面疏水性增加。随着交联程度的上升,PPI在pH3.0～10.0的溶解性逐渐降低,其制备的乳状液表面积平均粒径(d32)趋于增大,但适度交联(37℃下交联90min)可明显改善蛋白乳状液的稳定性。     

Co-precipitation of whey and pea protein – indication of interactions

The aim was to optimise the yield of co-precipitation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) and compare co-precipitates and protein blends with respect to solubility. The yield of co-precipitates was tested with different protein ratios of WPI and PPI in combination with different temperatures and acid precipitation (pH 4.6). The highest precipitation yield was obtained at protein ratios WPI < PPI, high temperature and alkaline protein solvation. The solubility was measured by an instability index and absorption spectroscopy of re-suspended precipitated proteins at pH 3, 7 and 11.5. Co-precipitates had significantly lower solubility than protein blends. Protein ratios WPI > PPI, low precipitation temperature and high pH showed the highest solubility. Differences in protein composition between co-precipitates and protein blends were observed with SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight, and indicated different protein–protein interaction in samples, which needs further investigations.     

大豆蛋白溶解性研究

该文概述大豆蛋白溶解特性及其与一般物质溶解差异,介绍提高大豆蛋白溶解性改性方法及研究现状,对比不同改性增溶方法优、缺点,并提出今后大豆蛋白改性研究方向。     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性。在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素。蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白表达变化和致病机制理。其中,细菌蛋白样品的前处理作为细菌蛋白组学研究的关键步骤,直接影响鉴定的细菌蛋白质量。本文主要阐述目前细菌蛋白组学研究中菌体蛋白和胞外蛋白样品制备方法及其对蛋白鉴定和定量的影响,将为更深入的开展细菌蛋白组学研究提供参考。     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Endo-protease treatments achieving low degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2% and 4%) were used to improve functional properties of hexane-extracted soy flour (HESF), extruded-expelled partially defatted soy flour (EESF), ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI). These substrates had protein dispersibility indices ranging from 11% to 89%. Functional properties, including solubility profile (pH 3 to 7), emul-sification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and apparent viscosity were determined and related to surface hydrophobicity and peptide profiles of the hydrolysates. Protein solubilities of all substrates increased as DH increased. Emulsification capacity and hydrophobicity values of the enzyme-modified HESF and EESF decreased after hydrolysis, whereas these values increased for SPC and SPI. Emulsion stability was improved for all 4% DH hydrolysates. Hydrolyzed SPC had lower foaming capacity and stability. For substrates other than SPC, foaming properties were different depending on DH. Hydrolysis significantly decreased the apparent viscosities regardless of substrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated differences in the molecular weight profiles of the hydrolysates. HESF and EESF, which had high proportions of native-state proteins, showed minor changes in the peptide profile due to hydrolysis compared with SPC and SPI.     

大豆分离蛋白改性对其功能性质影响

大豆分离蛋白是大豆蛋白最为精制形式,广泛应用于食品工业,并在不同产品中表现出不同功能。该文综述近年来大豆分离蛋白物理、化学、酶法及基因工程改性对其功能性质影响,经不同方式改性可产生合适功能性质,从而拓宽大豆分离蛋白在食品工业中应用。     

大豆蛋白生产与应用现状

该文综述大豆蛋白制品—大豆蛋白粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白生产现状、存在问题及大豆蛋白在面制品、肉制品、乳制品、饮料制品等中应用现状。     

几种新型花生蛋白产品的生产

本文从花生蛋白质利用的角度介绍了几种新型花生蛋白产品的加工工艺，针对我国人民膳食结构中蛋白质的摄入水平较低的实际情况，论述了花生蛋白开发利用的必要性，展望了花生蛋白开发利用的广阔前景。     

Effects of silage protein degradability and fermentation acids on metabolizable protein concentration: A meta-analysis of dairy cow production experiments

A meta-analysis was conducted using data from dairy cow production studies to evaluate silage metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations. The data consisted of 397 treatment means in 130 comparisons, in which the effects of silage factors (e.g., date of harvest, wilting, silage additives) were investigated. Within a comparison, a fixed amount of the same concentrate was fed. A prerequisite of data to be included in the analysis was that silage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ammonia N, lactic acid (LA), and total acid (TA) concentrations and digestibility were determined. A smaller data set (n = 248) comprised studies in which silage water-soluble N concentration was also analyzed. The supply of MP was estimated as amino acids absorbed from the small intestine using a model with constant values for ruminal effective protein degradability (EPD) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. Microbial protein was calculated on the basis of digestible carbohydrates and rumen degradable protein (RDP). Alternative models were used to estimate microbial protein formation, assuming the energy values of RDP and TA to be equivalent to 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 times that of digestible carbohydrates. Because EPD values are seldom determined in production trials, they were derived using empirical models that estimate them from other feed components. The goodness of fit of models was compared on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) of milk protein yield (MPY) predicted from MP supply (adjusted for random study effect) and Akaike's information criterion. Metabolizable protein supply calculated from basal assumptions predicted MPY precisely within a study (RMSE = 16.2 g/d). Variable contribution of RDP to the energy supply for microbial synthesis influenced the precision of MPY prediction very little, but RMSE for MPY increased markedly when the energy supply of rumen microbes was corrected for TA concentration. Using predicted rather than constant EPD values also increased RMSE of MPY prediction. These observations do not mean that the supply of MP from undegraded feed protein is constant. However, it suggests that our current methods overestimate the range in EPD values and that the techniques have so many inherent technical problems that they can mask the true differences between the feeds. Including new elements in feed protein evaluation models may not improve the precision of production response predictions unless the consequent effects on the supply of other nutrients are taken into account.     

中国植物油料蛋白生产现状与发展趋势

对中国主要植物油料蛋白--大豆蛋白、花生蛋白、棉籽蛋白、菜籽蛋白工业的生产现状与发展趋势进行了论述,同时对这4种蛋白的氨基酸组成、营养效价和生物价进行了比较.结果表明,菜籽蛋白的生物价和营养效价最高,其次为大豆蛋白,再次为棉籽蛋白,最后为花生蛋白.目前我国对大豆蛋白开发利用最多,而对于菜籽蛋白和棉籽蛋白,由于脱毒技术等原因,开发利用不足.随着人民生活水平的提高、技术的成熟,这些油料蛋白将得到进一步的开发、利用,市场潜力巨大.     

Effect of amidation on the foaming and physico-chemical properties of bovine serum albumin

Amidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved by a water-soluble carbo-diimide, ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated reaction using ammonium chloride as the nucleophile. Partial and substantial amidation of 0.5% (w/v) BSA in 5.5 m ammonium chloride solution with 1 times 10-²mmol EDC over 120 min and 1 times 10^-1mmol EDC over 10 min respectively was achieved on a large scale using diafiltration for rapid termination of the reaction and purification. Residual ammonium chloride otherwise enhanced foaming properties. The amidated proteins were characterized by isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis and hydrophobicity and disulphide- and sulphydryl-group measurements. Compared with native BSA, partially amidated BSA (PA-BSA) produced enhanced foam expansion and foam stability values. This was attributed to minimal denaturation and to the presence of both acidic and basic components (pI range 5.25–7.50) within the single protein. In contrast, substantially amidated BSA (SA-BSA) (pI range 7–9.1) had similar foaming properties to those of the ultrafiltered BSA control which were slightly lower than those of native BSA. However SA-BSA interacted synergistically with native BSA producing enhanced foaming properties particularly at the 1:1 ratio through electrostatic interactions, conformational changes and increased hydrophobicity.