海藻酸钠-壳聚糖固定化碱性蛋白酶的研究

对主要采用海藻酸钠-壳聚糖固定化碱性蛋白酶做了研究。在各项单因素试验基础的上,以固定化酶的酶活回收率为指标,采用响应面优化方法确定固定化碱性蛋白酶的最优条件。得到的最佳条件为,海藻酸钠浓度为3.00%,游离酶稀释倍数10.09,交联时间1.00 h,壳聚糖浓度3.76%,氯化钙浓度3.35%,响应面最优值为70.44%±1.03%。该固定化碱性蛋白酶的最适p H为10,最适温度为65℃,制得的固定化酶的热力学稳定性及酶学性质都比较好,在重复使用5次后酶活力仍可保持在65%。     

粉煤灰固定化碱性蛋白酶特性的研究

以经甲烷磺酸活化和γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷偶连的粉煤灰为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用载体交联法制备固定化碱性蛋白酶,同时对固定化条件进行了研究。实验结果表明,碱性蛋白酶的最佳固定化条件为:给酶量4mL,戊二醛浓度0.2%,固定化温度25℃、交联3h。在此条件下得到的固定化碱性蛋白酶活回收率可达63.8%。该固定化碱性蛋白酶的稳定性较理想,连续使用6次后,其剩余酶活仍保持在29.4%。     

牛血清白蛋白对牛胰脂肪酶交联酶聚体制备及催化性能的影响

研究了牛血清白蛋白(albumin from bovine serum,BSA)对牛胰脂肪酶交联酶聚体(Lipase-CLEAs)制备及其催化性能的影响。获得的优化制备条件为:BSA的添加质量浓度为0.05 g/L,用1%戊二醛交联2 h。在此条件下制备的固定化酶最大酶活回收率为70%,比不添加BSA制备的Lipase-CLEAs提高了15%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的最适反应温度被提高了10℃,同时,添加BSA制备的Lipase-CLEAs的温度稳定性、p H和储存稳定性比游离酶和Lipase-CLEAs都有较大提高。在重复使用8次后,添加BSA制备的Lipase-CLEAs仍能保持初始酶活的80%,但未添加BSA制备的CLEAs只保留了30%的初始酶活。     

碱性蛋白酶交联聚集体的制备及其催化性能研究

碱性蛋白酶在食品、医药、酿造、丝绸、皮革等行业中发挥着重要作用。制备了碱性蛋白酶交联体,并对其催化性能进行研究。在最佳制备条件下(90%叔丁醇作为沉淀剂,沉淀时间为15min,交联剂浓度为33mmol/L,交联时间为6h),交联酶的酶活回收率为22.6%。与游离酶相比,交联酶的最适pH值向碱性方向变化,由7.5变为8.0,最适温度由60℃变成65℃。酶动力学研究表明,交联酶对酪蛋白的催化水解能力(4.3min-1)比游离酶(3.7min-1)更高。尽管交联酶最大反应速度Vmax(9.8mg/(mL·min))低于游离酶(13.3mg/(mL·min)),但交联酶对底物的亲和力Km(2.3mg/mL)比游离酶(3.6mg/mL)有所增加,而且其热稳定性和酸碱稳定性都得到一定程度的提高。另外,在磷酸盐缓冲液中重复使用5和8批次后,交联酶还能保持82.5%和56.5%的酶活性。     

磷脂酶D交联聚集体的制备及其酶学性能研究

磷脂酶D(phospholipase D,PLD)可以催化磷脂的磷酸二酯键水解和转磷脂酰基反应,目前已广泛应用于化工和医药等行业。该研究利用交联酶聚集体(cross-linked enzyme aggregates, CLEAs)技术开发了一种新型的PLD交联聚集体固定化酶(PLD-CLEAs)。以酶活性回收率为指标,确定了PLD-CLEAs的最佳制备条件：饱和度60%的硫酸铵为沉淀剂,质量分数0.125%的戊二醛为交联剂,交联反应时间为1.5 h,此时PLD-CLEAs的酶活力回收率为118.8%。与游离酶相比,PLD-CLEAs最适pH值向中性偏移,由8.0变为7.0;且PLD-CLEAs在较宽的温度和pH范围内均保持较高的酶活性,在高温(50℃)下的热稳定性明显提高。另外,在重复使用10次后,PLD-CLEAs仍能保持50.4%的酶活性。研究结果表明,PLD-CLEAs具有比游离酶更优异的热稳定性、pH耐受性和重复使用稳定性,有良好的工业应用前景。     

交联酶聚集体法制备单宁酶及固定化酶性质研究

交联酶聚集体法(cross-linked enzyme aggregates,CLEAs)是一种新型的无载体酶固定化方法。使用该法固定化黑曲霉产单宁酶,制备无载体固定化单宁酶(Cross-linkedenzyme aggregates-tannase,CLEAs-TA),并对其制备条件、结构特征、酶学性质进行分析。结果表明,最优制备条件为单宁酶游离粗酶液在冰水浴中经80%的硫酸铵沉淀30min后,以1.5%戊二醛水溶液进行酶聚集体交联反应,可获得较高活性、较高稳定性的交联酶聚集体,酶活回收率达47.33%,对酯键水解作用的最适温度、最适pH值分别为50℃、4.5,与游离酶相比,表现更高的pH及温度稳定性,重复使用6次后,活力剩余32.86%,其良好的操作稳定性有利于没食子酸丙酯高效转化为没食子酸及广泛应用于水解茶饮料中单宁的反应。     

牛胰脂肪酶交连酶聚体的制备及性能研究

以牛胰脂肪酶(cattle pancreatic lipase,CPL)为研究对象,采用交联酶聚体技术,研究交联酶聚体脂肪酶(CPL-CLEAs)的制备条件、催化性能和酶促反应动力学参数。结果表明,交联酶聚体脂肪酶制备的最优制备条件为:硫酸铵饱和度80%,戊二醛终浓度1.5%,交联时间1 h,在此条件下,所得CPL-CLEAs最高酶活回收率为90%。CPL-CLEAs的最适催化温度是60℃,与游离脂肪酶相比,CPL-CLEAs的最适催化温度提高了10℃,且温度稳定性、储存稳定性和操作稳定性均有所提高。重复使用7次后,CPL-CLEAs仍能保持初始酶活的43%。     

离子交换树脂共固定葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化氢酶

从5种大孔阴离子交换树脂中,筛选出固定化效果较好的大孔强碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂D 201为载体,以戊二醛为交联剂,通过先吸附后交联的方法共固定化葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),研究了固定化酶的制备条件和酶学性质。结果表明,共固定化的最佳条件是:GOD∶CAT=1∶1(酶活力之比),吸附p H值为7.5,吸附温度30℃,吸附时间为8 h;交联剂戊二醛质量分数为1%,交联温度4℃,交联时间8 h。在此条件下固定化,以GOD计,最高酶活回收率为30.8%。与游离酶相比,共固定化GOD-CAT树脂的热稳定性、p H稳定性均增强,间歇操作10批次后酶活力仍然保持在初始活力的90%以上。     

磁性松香基高分子固定化交联脂肪酶聚集体的制备及性质研究

制备了磁性松香基高分子固定化交联脂肪酶聚集体(固定化CLEAs-L)。研究制备条件对固定化CLEAs-L活性的影响,并研究了固定化CLEAs-L的结构与性质。结果表明,固定化CLEAs-L的最佳制备条件为:沉淀剂无水乙醇用量30%,脂肪酶质量浓度4 g/L,一次交联反应中添加0. 3%的戊二醛,交联反应2 h,二次交联反应中添加1%的戊二醛,交联脂肪酶聚集体与载体的质量比2. 5∶1。在最佳条件下,固定化CLEAs-L的酶活回收率为86. 52%,固定化CLEAs-L的最适温度和pH分别为45℃和7. 0。与游离脂肪酶、CLEAs-L相比,固定化CLEAs-L热稳定性和储存稳定性明显提高;重复操作6次后,固定化CLEAs-L的酶活回收率仍保持在60. 00%以上。     

苯丙氨酸解氨酶仿生固定化及其稳定性研究

利用仿生硅化技术包埋固定化苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL),研究固定化条件对PAL固定化的影响及固定化PAL的稳定性。优化的固定化酶制备条件:0.06 m L浓度为6 mg/m L诱导剂聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),25 mmol/L磷酸盐(p H7.0)作为固定化反应介质体系,2 m L浓度为1 mol/L正硅酸甲酯(TMOS)水解液和1 m L(2 U/m L)酶液添加量,所得固定化酶的酶活最大回收率是70%。与游离酶相比,固定化PAL的温度稳定性、p H和储存稳定性,以及变性剂耐受性都有较大提高,重复使用5次,固定化PAL仍能保持初始酶活的40%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.